Immune Activation, Proinflammatory Cytokines, and Conventional Risks for Cardiovascular Disease in HIV Patients: A Case-Control Study in Bahia, Brazil
BackgroundCardiovascular events (CVE) are an increasing cause of morbi-mortality for HIV patients. The antiretroviral therapy (ART), persistent immune activation, and life style are factors that can increase CVE for such patients. We performed a case-control study to evaluate the role of coinfection...
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| Format: | Article |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2018-06-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01469/full |
| _version_ | 1819195332922179584 |
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| author | Clara Brites-Alves Estela Luz Eduardo M. Netto Thalis Ferreira Ricardo Sohbie Diaz Celia Pedroso Kimberly Page Carlos Brites |
| author_facet | Clara Brites-Alves Estela Luz Eduardo M. Netto Thalis Ferreira Ricardo Sohbie Diaz Celia Pedroso Kimberly Page Carlos Brites |
| author_sort | Clara Brites-Alves |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundCardiovascular events (CVE) are an increasing cause of morbi-mortality for HIV patients. The antiretroviral therapy (ART), persistent immune activation, and life style are factors that can increase CVE for such patients. We performed a case-control study to evaluate the role of coinfections and immune markers associated with CVE.MethodsWe included patients under ART, with undetectable plasma viral load ≥12 months. Patients presenting any condition of risk for CVE were considered cases, and those without CVE risk conditions were controls. History of viral infections (Epstein–Barr virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, and cytomegalovirus), exposure to antiretroviral drugs, time since HIV diagnosis/under ART, and life style (demographics, weight, smoking, alcohol, and illicit drug use) were assessed. CD4/CD8 nadir and current counts, nadir and current CD4/CD8 ratio, immune activation markers (CD4CD38HLADR, CD8CD38HLADR), and serum levels of eight cytokines [IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumoral necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma, macrophage inflammatory proteins 1 alpha, and interferon-inducing protein (IP-10)] were measured.ResultsTwo-thirds of patients were males. Cases (N = 106) were older (52.8 vs 49.5 years, p = 0.002), had higher levels of creatinine (0.97 vs 0.87 mg/dL, p = 0.002) and IL-6 (0.67 vs 0.52 pg/mL, p = 0.04) than controls (N = 114). There was no difference between groups regarding frequency of CD4CD39HLADR+ or CD8CD38HLADR+ cells. We found a significant correlation (all patients) between increased frequency of CD4CD38HLADR+ cells and levels of IP-10 (r = 0.171, p = 0.02) and TNF-α (r = 0.187, p = 0.01). Levels of IL-6 (r = 0.235, p = 0.02), TNF-α (r = 0.267, p = 0.01), and IP-10 (r = 0.205, p = 0.04) were correlated with CD4CD38HLADR+ cells, in controls. Higher frequency of CD4CD38HLADR+ cells was also correlated with levels of IP-10 (r = 0.271, p = 0.04) in patients presenting with arterial hypertension. Frequency of CD4CD38HLADR+ cells was negatively correlated with levels of IL-2 (r = −0.639, p = 0.01) and IL-6 (r = −0.0561, p = 0.03) in patients with hypercholesterolemia. No association was detected between viral infections or smoking/alcohol use and immune activation markers.ConclusionOur results indicate IL-6 levels are associated with increased CV risk. Activated CD4+ T cells were associated with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-23T02:11:05Z |
| publishDate | 2018-06-01 |
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| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-552fe9a7388a4ece9a8a7a53aaa4b03c2022-12-21T18:03:47ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242018-06-01910.3389/fimmu.2018.01469379413Immune Activation, Proinflammatory Cytokines, and Conventional Risks for Cardiovascular Disease in HIV Patients: A Case-Control Study in Bahia, BrazilClara Brites-Alves0Estela Luz1Eduardo M. Netto2Thalis Ferreira3Ricardo Sohbie Diaz4Celia Pedroso5Kimberly Page6Carlos Brites7LAPI – Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BrazilLAPI – Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BrazilLAPI – Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BrazilLAPI – Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BrazilLaboratório de Retrovirologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilLAPI – Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BrazilUniversity of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United StatesLAPI – Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BrazilBackgroundCardiovascular events (CVE) are an increasing cause of morbi-mortality for HIV patients. The antiretroviral therapy (ART), persistent immune activation, and life style are factors that can increase CVE for such patients. We performed a case-control study to evaluate the role of coinfections and immune markers associated with CVE.MethodsWe included patients under ART, with undetectable plasma viral load ≥12 months. Patients presenting any condition of risk for CVE were considered cases, and those without CVE risk conditions were controls. History of viral infections (Epstein–Barr virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, and cytomegalovirus), exposure to antiretroviral drugs, time since HIV diagnosis/under ART, and life style (demographics, weight, smoking, alcohol, and illicit drug use) were assessed. CD4/CD8 nadir and current counts, nadir and current CD4/CD8 ratio, immune activation markers (CD4CD38HLADR, CD8CD38HLADR), and serum levels of eight cytokines [IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumoral necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma, macrophage inflammatory proteins 1 alpha, and interferon-inducing protein (IP-10)] were measured.ResultsTwo-thirds of patients were males. Cases (N = 106) were older (52.8 vs 49.5 years, p = 0.002), had higher levels of creatinine (0.97 vs 0.87 mg/dL, p = 0.002) and IL-6 (0.67 vs 0.52 pg/mL, p = 0.04) than controls (N = 114). There was no difference between groups regarding frequency of CD4CD39HLADR+ or CD8CD38HLADR+ cells. We found a significant correlation (all patients) between increased frequency of CD4CD38HLADR+ cells and levels of IP-10 (r = 0.171, p = 0.02) and TNF-α (r = 0.187, p = 0.01). Levels of IL-6 (r = 0.235, p = 0.02), TNF-α (r = 0.267, p = 0.01), and IP-10 (r = 0.205, p = 0.04) were correlated with CD4CD38HLADR+ cells, in controls. Higher frequency of CD4CD38HLADR+ cells was also correlated with levels of IP-10 (r = 0.271, p = 0.04) in patients presenting with arterial hypertension. Frequency of CD4CD38HLADR+ cells was negatively correlated with levels of IL-2 (r = −0.639, p = 0.01) and IL-6 (r = −0.0561, p = 0.03) in patients with hypercholesterolemia. No association was detected between viral infections or smoking/alcohol use and immune activation markers.ConclusionOur results indicate IL-6 levels are associated with increased CV risk. Activated CD4+ T cells were associated with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01469/fullHIVcytokinescardiovascularimmune activationdyslipidemia |
| spellingShingle | Clara Brites-Alves Estela Luz Eduardo M. Netto Thalis Ferreira Ricardo Sohbie Diaz Celia Pedroso Kimberly Page Carlos Brites Immune Activation, Proinflammatory Cytokines, and Conventional Risks for Cardiovascular Disease in HIV Patients: A Case-Control Study in Bahia, Brazil Frontiers in Immunology HIV cytokines cardiovascular immune activation dyslipidemia |
| title | Immune Activation, Proinflammatory Cytokines, and Conventional Risks for Cardiovascular Disease in HIV Patients: A Case-Control Study in Bahia, Brazil |
| title_full | Immune Activation, Proinflammatory Cytokines, and Conventional Risks for Cardiovascular Disease in HIV Patients: A Case-Control Study in Bahia, Brazil |
| title_fullStr | Immune Activation, Proinflammatory Cytokines, and Conventional Risks for Cardiovascular Disease in HIV Patients: A Case-Control Study in Bahia, Brazil |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immune Activation, Proinflammatory Cytokines, and Conventional Risks for Cardiovascular Disease in HIV Patients: A Case-Control Study in Bahia, Brazil |
| title_short | Immune Activation, Proinflammatory Cytokines, and Conventional Risks for Cardiovascular Disease in HIV Patients: A Case-Control Study in Bahia, Brazil |
| title_sort | immune activation proinflammatory cytokines and conventional risks for cardiovascular disease in hiv patients a case control study in bahia brazil |
| topic | HIV cytokines cardiovascular immune activation dyslipidemia |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01469/full |
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