<em>Ziziphus spina-christi</em> Leaf-Derived Carbon Dots as a Fluorescence Nanosensor to Evaluate Rifaximin Antibacterial via Inner Filter Effect: Greenness and Whiteness Studies
Rifaximin (RFX) is a non-absorbable antibiotic with broad-spectrum efficacy. It treats travelers’ diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, non-systematic bacterial diarrhea, bowel infections, overgrowth syndrome, and enteric infections. In this work, carbon dots prepared from <i>Ziziphus spina-chri...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Chemosensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/11/5/275 |
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| author | Mohamed A. El Hamd Marzough Aziz Albalawi Hassanien Gomaa Bassam Shaaban Mohammad Rady F. Abdul-Kareem Reem H. Obaydo Wejdan T. Alsaggaf Safaa F. Saleh Manal A. Alossaimi Mohamed A. Abdel-Lateef |
| author_facet | Mohamed A. El Hamd Marzough Aziz Albalawi Hassanien Gomaa Bassam Shaaban Mohammad Rady F. Abdul-Kareem Reem H. Obaydo Wejdan T. Alsaggaf Safaa F. Saleh Manal A. Alossaimi Mohamed A. Abdel-Lateef |
| author_sort | Mohamed A. El Hamd |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Rifaximin (RFX) is a non-absorbable antibiotic with broad-spectrum efficacy. It treats travelers’ diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, non-systematic bacterial diarrhea, bowel infections, overgrowth syndrome, and enteric infections. In this work, carbon dots prepared from <i>Ziziphus spina-christi</i> leaves’ powders are utilized as a green fluorometric biosensor for the assessment of RFX. The morphological lineaments of the prepared carbon dots were recognized by using TEM and SEM techniques. The prepared carbon dots manifest a fluorescence emission peak at 432 nm after an excitation fluorescence peak at 366 nm. The absorbance band of RFX (absorbance peaks at 370 nm and 443 nm) could be thoroughly overlapped with fluorescence excitation/emission bands of the produced carbon dots. A fluorometric tool has been designed and validated for the evaluation of RFX reliant on the inner filter effect methodology, in which the produced carbon dots act as an inner filter effect fluorophore and RFX as an inner filter effect absorber. The quenching degree in the fluorescence activity of the prepared carbon dots depended on the concentration of RFX. The analytical parameters were checked and directed for successfully applied assessment of RFX concentration in different pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed tool’s greenness and eco-friendliness profile was evaluated using the most recent greenness assessment tool, which is the complementary green analytical procedure index (Complex-GAPI) and the Analytical GREEnness metric (AGREE). Additionally, using the recently released White Analytical Chemistry (WAC) tool, the whiteness characteristic—which indicated the method’s sustainability—was investigated. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:50:39Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9040 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:50:39Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Chemosensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-553798a2a07940759b6e8464ae06072b2023-11-18T00:53:58ZengMDPI AGChemosensors2227-90402023-05-0111527510.3390/chemosensors11050275<em>Ziziphus spina-christi</em> Leaf-Derived Carbon Dots as a Fluorescence Nanosensor to Evaluate Rifaximin Antibacterial via Inner Filter Effect: Greenness and Whiteness StudiesMohamed A. El Hamd0Marzough Aziz Albalawi1Hassanien Gomaa2Bassam Shaaban Mohammad3Rady F. Abdul-Kareem4Reem H. Obaydo5Wejdan T. Alsaggaf6Safaa F. Saleh7Manal A. Alossaimi8Mohamed A. Abdel-Lateef9Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Chemistry, Alwajh College, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, EgyptDepartment of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32928, EgyptDepartment of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11751, EgyptDepartment of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ebla Private University, Idlib P.O. Box 5, SyriaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21551, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, EgyptRifaximin (RFX) is a non-absorbable antibiotic with broad-spectrum efficacy. It treats travelers’ diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, non-systematic bacterial diarrhea, bowel infections, overgrowth syndrome, and enteric infections. In this work, carbon dots prepared from <i>Ziziphus spina-christi</i> leaves’ powders are utilized as a green fluorometric biosensor for the assessment of RFX. The morphological lineaments of the prepared carbon dots were recognized by using TEM and SEM techniques. The prepared carbon dots manifest a fluorescence emission peak at 432 nm after an excitation fluorescence peak at 366 nm. The absorbance band of RFX (absorbance peaks at 370 nm and 443 nm) could be thoroughly overlapped with fluorescence excitation/emission bands of the produced carbon dots. A fluorometric tool has been designed and validated for the evaluation of RFX reliant on the inner filter effect methodology, in which the produced carbon dots act as an inner filter effect fluorophore and RFX as an inner filter effect absorber. The quenching degree in the fluorescence activity of the prepared carbon dots depended on the concentration of RFX. The analytical parameters were checked and directed for successfully applied assessment of RFX concentration in different pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed tool’s greenness and eco-friendliness profile was evaluated using the most recent greenness assessment tool, which is the complementary green analytical procedure index (Complex-GAPI) and the Analytical GREEnness metric (AGREE). Additionally, using the recently released White Analytical Chemistry (WAC) tool, the whiteness characteristic—which indicated the method’s sustainability—was investigated.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/11/5/275rifaximin<i>Ziziphus spina-christi</i> leaves ‘extractfluorometric biosensorinner filter effect methodologygreenness evaluationComplex-GAPI |
| spellingShingle | Mohamed A. El Hamd Marzough Aziz Albalawi Hassanien Gomaa Bassam Shaaban Mohammad Rady F. Abdul-Kareem Reem H. Obaydo Wejdan T. Alsaggaf Safaa F. Saleh Manal A. Alossaimi Mohamed A. Abdel-Lateef <em>Ziziphus spina-christi</em> Leaf-Derived Carbon Dots as a Fluorescence Nanosensor to Evaluate Rifaximin Antibacterial via Inner Filter Effect: Greenness and Whiteness Studies Chemosensors rifaximin <i>Ziziphus spina-christi</i> leaves ‘extract fluorometric biosensor inner filter effect methodology greenness evaluation Complex-GAPI |
| title | <em>Ziziphus spina-christi</em> Leaf-Derived Carbon Dots as a Fluorescence Nanosensor to Evaluate Rifaximin Antibacterial via Inner Filter Effect: Greenness and Whiteness Studies |
| title_full | <em>Ziziphus spina-christi</em> Leaf-Derived Carbon Dots as a Fluorescence Nanosensor to Evaluate Rifaximin Antibacterial via Inner Filter Effect: Greenness and Whiteness Studies |
| title_fullStr | <em>Ziziphus spina-christi</em> Leaf-Derived Carbon Dots as a Fluorescence Nanosensor to Evaluate Rifaximin Antibacterial via Inner Filter Effect: Greenness and Whiteness Studies |
| title_full_unstemmed | <em>Ziziphus spina-christi</em> Leaf-Derived Carbon Dots as a Fluorescence Nanosensor to Evaluate Rifaximin Antibacterial via Inner Filter Effect: Greenness and Whiteness Studies |
| title_short | <em>Ziziphus spina-christi</em> Leaf-Derived Carbon Dots as a Fluorescence Nanosensor to Evaluate Rifaximin Antibacterial via Inner Filter Effect: Greenness and Whiteness Studies |
| title_sort | em ziziphus spina christi em leaf derived carbon dots as a fluorescence nanosensor to evaluate rifaximin antibacterial via inner filter effect greenness and whiteness studies |
| topic | rifaximin <i>Ziziphus spina-christi</i> leaves ‘extract fluorometric biosensor inner filter effect methodology greenness evaluation Complex-GAPI |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/11/5/275 |
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