Fate and Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives in Water and Sediment from Songhua River, Northeast China
The Songhua River is one of the most populated and oldest industrial areas in Northeast China. To understand the sources and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives, such as 16 priority (PAHs), 33 methylated (Me-PAHs), and 12 nitrated (NPAHs) in river water and sedimen...
Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
---|---|
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-04-01
|
Series: | Water |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/9/1196 |
_version_ | 1797536246823649280 |
---|---|
author | Rashid Mohammed Zi-Feng Zhang Chao Jiang Ying-Hua Hu Li-Yan Liu Wan-Li Ma Wei-Wei Song Anatoly Nikolaev Yi-Fan Li |
author_facet | Rashid Mohammed Zi-Feng Zhang Chao Jiang Ying-Hua Hu Li-Yan Liu Wan-Li Ma Wei-Wei Song Anatoly Nikolaev Yi-Fan Li |
author_sort | Rashid Mohammed |
collection | DOAJ |
description | The Songhua River is one of the most populated and oldest industrial areas in Northeast China. To understand the sources and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives, such as 16 priority (PAHs), 33 methylated (Me-PAHs), and 12 nitrated (NPAHs) in river water and sediment, were noticed. The concentrations of ∑PAHs, ∑Me-PAHs, and ∑NPAHs in river water scaled from 135 to 563, 9.36 to 711, and 1.26 to 64.7 ng L<sup>−1</sup>, with mean values of 286, 310, and 17.9 ng L<sup>−1</sup>, and those in sediments were from 35.8 to 2000 ng g<sup>−1</sup>, 0.62 to 394 ng g<sup>−1</sup>, and 0.28 to 176 ng g<sup>−1</sup> (dry weight) with mean values of 283, 103, and 21.7 ng g<sup>−1</sup>. The compositions proved that two-ring and three-ring compounds of PAHs, NPAHs, and four-ring, six-ring of Me-PAHs were prevalent in water samples; in contrast, four-ring dominated in sediments. Principal components analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios confirmed that pollutant source was mixed petrogenic and pyrogenic origin. The fugacity fraction (ƒƒ) was also calculated to explain the trend of sediment–water exchange, high ƒƒ values found in summer, for most HMW PAHs and Me-PAHs that these substances acted as a secondary source of emissions from sediment to water. The risk assessment for water was categorized as high. |
first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:57:52Z |
format | Article |
id | doaj.art-558ff31f196048dc8f3d0eda41b8c52b |
institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
issn | 2073-4441 |
language | English |
last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:57:52Z |
publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
publisher | MDPI AG |
record_format | Article |
series | Water |
spelling | doaj.art-558ff31f196048dc8f3d0eda41b8c52b2023-11-21T17:11:34ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412021-04-01139119610.3390/w13091196Fate and Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives in Water and Sediment from Songhua River, Northeast ChinaRashid Mohammed0Zi-Feng Zhang1Chao Jiang2Ying-Hua Hu3Li-Yan Liu4Wan-Li Ma5Wei-Wei Song6Anatoly Nikolaev7Yi-Fan Li8International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, ChinaInternational Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, ChinaHeilongjiang Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, Harbin 150028, ChinaHeilongjiang Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, Harbin 150028, ChinaInternational Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, ChinaInternational Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, ChinaInternational Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, ChinaInstitute of Natural Sciences, North-Eastern Federal University, 677000 Yakutsk, RussiaInternational Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, ChinaThe Songhua River is one of the most populated and oldest industrial areas in Northeast China. To understand the sources and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives, such as 16 priority (PAHs), 33 methylated (Me-PAHs), and 12 nitrated (NPAHs) in river water and sediment, were noticed. The concentrations of ∑PAHs, ∑Me-PAHs, and ∑NPAHs in river water scaled from 135 to 563, 9.36 to 711, and 1.26 to 64.7 ng L<sup>−1</sup>, with mean values of 286, 310, and 17.9 ng L<sup>−1</sup>, and those in sediments were from 35.8 to 2000 ng g<sup>−1</sup>, 0.62 to 394 ng g<sup>−1</sup>, and 0.28 to 176 ng g<sup>−1</sup> (dry weight) with mean values of 283, 103, and 21.7 ng g<sup>−1</sup>. The compositions proved that two-ring and three-ring compounds of PAHs, NPAHs, and four-ring, six-ring of Me-PAHs were prevalent in water samples; in contrast, four-ring dominated in sediments. Principal components analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios confirmed that pollutant source was mixed petrogenic and pyrogenic origin. The fugacity fraction (ƒƒ) was also calculated to explain the trend of sediment–water exchange, high ƒƒ values found in summer, for most HMW PAHs and Me-PAHs that these substances acted as a secondary source of emissions from sediment to water. The risk assessment for water was categorized as high.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/9/1196PAHsrisk assessmentwater–sediment exchangeseasonal variations |
spellingShingle | Rashid Mohammed Zi-Feng Zhang Chao Jiang Ying-Hua Hu Li-Yan Liu Wan-Li Ma Wei-Wei Song Anatoly Nikolaev Yi-Fan Li Fate and Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives in Water and Sediment from Songhua River, Northeast China Water PAHs risk assessment water–sediment exchange seasonal variations |
title | Fate and Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives in Water and Sediment from Songhua River, Northeast China |
title_full | Fate and Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives in Water and Sediment from Songhua River, Northeast China |
title_fullStr | Fate and Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives in Water and Sediment from Songhua River, Northeast China |
title_full_unstemmed | Fate and Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives in Water and Sediment from Songhua River, Northeast China |
title_short | Fate and Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives in Water and Sediment from Songhua River, Northeast China |
title_sort | fate and occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in water and sediment from songhua river northeast china |
topic | PAHs risk assessment water–sediment exchange seasonal variations |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/9/1196 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT rashidmohammed fateandoccurrenceofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandtheirderivativesinwaterandsedimentfromsonghuarivernortheastchina AT zifengzhang fateandoccurrenceofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandtheirderivativesinwaterandsedimentfromsonghuarivernortheastchina AT chaojiang fateandoccurrenceofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandtheirderivativesinwaterandsedimentfromsonghuarivernortheastchina AT yinghuahu fateandoccurrenceofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandtheirderivativesinwaterandsedimentfromsonghuarivernortheastchina AT liyanliu fateandoccurrenceofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandtheirderivativesinwaterandsedimentfromsonghuarivernortheastchina AT wanlima fateandoccurrenceofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandtheirderivativesinwaterandsedimentfromsonghuarivernortheastchina AT weiweisong fateandoccurrenceofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandtheirderivativesinwaterandsedimentfromsonghuarivernortheastchina AT anatolynikolaev fateandoccurrenceofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandtheirderivativesinwaterandsedimentfromsonghuarivernortheastchina AT yifanli fateandoccurrenceofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandtheirderivativesinwaterandsedimentfromsonghuarivernortheastchina |