| Summary: | Hundred-seed weight (HSW) and reproductive period length (RPL) are two major agronomic traits critical for soybean production and adaptation. However, both traits are quantitatively controlled by multiple genes that have yet to be comprehensively elucidated due to the lack of major genes; thereby, the genetic basis is largely unknown. In the present study, we conducted comprehensive genome-wide association analyses (GWAS) of HSW and RPL with multiple sets of accessions that were phenotyped across different environments. The large-scale analysis led to the identification of sixty-one and seventy-four significant QTLs for HSW and RPL, respectively. An ortholog-based search analysis prioritized the most promising candidate genes for the QTLs, including nine genes (<i>TTG2</i>, <i>BZR1</i>, <i>BRI1</i>, <i>ANT</i>, <i>KLU</i>, <i>EOD1/BB</i>, <i>GPA1</i>, <i>ABA2</i>, and <i>ABI5</i>) for HSW QTLs and nine genes (such as <i>AGL8</i>, <i>AGL9</i>, <i>TOC1</i>, and <i>COL4</i>) and six known soybean flowering time genes (<i>E2</i>, <i>E3</i>, <i>E4</i>, <i>Tof11</i>, <i>Tof12</i>, and <i>FT2b</i>) for RPL QTLs. We also demonstrated that some QTLs were targeted during domestication to drive the artificial selection of both traits towards human-favored traits. Local adaptation likely contributes to the increased genomic diversity of the QTLs underlying RPL. The results provide additional insight into the genetic basis of HSW and RPL and prioritize a valuable resource of candidate genes that merits further investigation to reveal the complex molecular mechanism and facilitate soybean improvement.
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