Temperature and Humidity Stability of Fibre Optic Sensor Cables for High Resolution Measurements
Fibre optic sensors offer a means for the real-time continuous measurement of temperature or strain in concrete structures. Backscattered light along a fibre optic sensing (FOS) cable is interrogated to record a frequency shift and this shift is typically translated into a physical parameter such as...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1296 |
| _version_ | 1797623254272180224 |
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| author | Marcus Maier Cedric Kechavarzi Xiaomin Xu Janet M. Lees |
| author_facet | Marcus Maier Cedric Kechavarzi Xiaomin Xu Janet M. Lees |
| author_sort | Marcus Maier |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fibre optic sensors offer a means for the real-time continuous measurement of temperature or strain in concrete structures. Backscattered light along a fibre optic sensing (FOS) cable is interrogated to record a frequency shift and this shift is typically translated into a physical parameter such as strain or temperature using a calibration factor. However, when the measured frequency shift is a response to a combination of mechanical, thermal or hygral (humidity) loadings it is difficult to decouple individual influences. This presents a challenge in complex materials such as concrete where the strain, temperature and moisture levels change concurrently during the fresh and hardened states. Furthermore, depending on the application, both short- and longer-term measurements are required. As such, not only is the influence of these physical factors of interest but also the time and spatial stability of the measured frequency, which is highly dependent on the FOS cable composition. To investigate this aspect, fibre optic cables commonly used for strain (three tight-buffered cables) or temperature (two loose-buffered cables) measurement were considered. The cables were subjected to mechanical or environmental exposure and interrogated using a high-resolution optical backscatter reflectometer. The exposure regimes included three temperature cycles with sustained steps from 10 °C to 60 °C and back to 10 °C and an increasing and decreasing humidity cycle with steps between 30 to 90% relH. These ranges were selected to be indicative of typical environments for concrete. The results showed that the calibration factors back-calculated from increasing and decreasing temperature or humidity cycles differed. The third temperature cycle results were found to exhibit the smallest differences between heating and cooling suggesting that temperature pre-conditioning prior to installation could be advantageous. For all the cables, a drift in the readings was observed over the duration (2.5 h for temperature and 30 h for moisture) of the sustained steps. The magnitude of the drift depended on the cable type and exposure condition. In addition, local frequency fluctuations along the cable were observed which would need to be taken into account if only a single point along the cable length was used for analysis. The obtained results highlight the importance of the cable selection to maximise the FOS measurement fidelity for a given parameter of interest. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:26:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-55a4ed2bc7614dc99929fc563b6828a7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:26:04Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-55a4ed2bc7614dc99929fc563b6828a72023-11-16T17:59:00ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-01-01233129610.3390/s23031296Temperature and Humidity Stability of Fibre Optic Sensor Cables for High Resolution MeasurementsMarcus Maier0Cedric Kechavarzi1Xiaomin Xu2Janet M. Lees3Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UKCentre for Smart Infrastructure and Construction, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UKCentre for Smart Infrastructure and Construction, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UKDepartment of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UKFibre optic sensors offer a means for the real-time continuous measurement of temperature or strain in concrete structures. Backscattered light along a fibre optic sensing (FOS) cable is interrogated to record a frequency shift and this shift is typically translated into a physical parameter such as strain or temperature using a calibration factor. However, when the measured frequency shift is a response to a combination of mechanical, thermal or hygral (humidity) loadings it is difficult to decouple individual influences. This presents a challenge in complex materials such as concrete where the strain, temperature and moisture levels change concurrently during the fresh and hardened states. Furthermore, depending on the application, both short- and longer-term measurements are required. As such, not only is the influence of these physical factors of interest but also the time and spatial stability of the measured frequency, which is highly dependent on the FOS cable composition. To investigate this aspect, fibre optic cables commonly used for strain (three tight-buffered cables) or temperature (two loose-buffered cables) measurement were considered. The cables were subjected to mechanical or environmental exposure and interrogated using a high-resolution optical backscatter reflectometer. The exposure regimes included three temperature cycles with sustained steps from 10 °C to 60 °C and back to 10 °C and an increasing and decreasing humidity cycle with steps between 30 to 90% relH. These ranges were selected to be indicative of typical environments for concrete. The results showed that the calibration factors back-calculated from increasing and decreasing temperature or humidity cycles differed. The third temperature cycle results were found to exhibit the smallest differences between heating and cooling suggesting that temperature pre-conditioning prior to installation could be advantageous. For all the cables, a drift in the readings was observed over the duration (2.5 h for temperature and 30 h for moisture) of the sustained steps. The magnitude of the drift depended on the cable type and exposure condition. In addition, local frequency fluctuations along the cable were observed which would need to be taken into account if only a single point along the cable length was used for analysis. The obtained results highlight the importance of the cable selection to maximise the FOS measurement fidelity for a given parameter of interest.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1296distributed fibre optical sensorstemperaturestraincalibrationconcretehumidity |
| spellingShingle | Marcus Maier Cedric Kechavarzi Xiaomin Xu Janet M. Lees Temperature and Humidity Stability of Fibre Optic Sensor Cables for High Resolution Measurements Sensors distributed fibre optical sensors temperature strain calibration concrete humidity |
| title | Temperature and Humidity Stability of Fibre Optic Sensor Cables for High Resolution Measurements |
| title_full | Temperature and Humidity Stability of Fibre Optic Sensor Cables for High Resolution Measurements |
| title_fullStr | Temperature and Humidity Stability of Fibre Optic Sensor Cables for High Resolution Measurements |
| title_full_unstemmed | Temperature and Humidity Stability of Fibre Optic Sensor Cables for High Resolution Measurements |
| title_short | Temperature and Humidity Stability of Fibre Optic Sensor Cables for High Resolution Measurements |
| title_sort | temperature and humidity stability of fibre optic sensor cables for high resolution measurements |
| topic | distributed fibre optical sensors temperature strain calibration concrete humidity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1296 |
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