A Novel Approach of Design and Analysis of a Hexagonal Fractal Antenna Array (HFAA) for Next-Generation Wireless Communication
The study and exploration of massive multiple-input multiple-output (MMIMO) and millimeter-wave wireless access technology has been spurred by a shortage of bandwidth in the wireless communication sector. Massive MIMO, which combines antennas at the transmitter and receiver, is a key enabler technol...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/19/6204 |
| _version_ | 1797516572383772672 |
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| author | Satheeshkumar Palanisamy Balakumaran Thangaraju Osamah Ibrahim Khalaf Youseef Alotaibi Saleh Alghamdi Fawaz Alassery |
| author_facet | Satheeshkumar Palanisamy Balakumaran Thangaraju Osamah Ibrahim Khalaf Youseef Alotaibi Saleh Alghamdi Fawaz Alassery |
| author_sort | Satheeshkumar Palanisamy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The study and exploration of massive multiple-input multiple-output (MMIMO) and millimeter-wave wireless access technology has been spurred by a shortage of bandwidth in the wireless communication sector. Massive MIMO, which combines antennas at the transmitter and receiver, is a key enabler technology for next-generation networks to enable exceptional spectrum and energy efficiency with simple processing techniques. For massive MIMOs, the lower band microwave or millimeter-wave band and the antenna are impeccably combined with RF transceivers. As a result, the 5G wireless communication antenna differs from traditional antennas in many ways. A new concept of the MIMO tri-band hexagonal antenna array is being introduced for next-generation cellular networks. With a total scaling dimension of 150 × 75 mm<sup>2</sup>, the structure consists of multiple hexagonal fractal antenna components at different corners of the patch. The radiating patch resonates at 2.55–2.75, 3.45–3.7, and 5.65–6.05 GHz (FR1 band) for better return loss (S11) of more than 15 dB in all three operating bands. The coplanar waveguide (CPW) feeding technique and defective ground structure in the ground plane have been employed for effective impedance matching. The deviation of the main lobe of the radiation pattern is achieved using a two-element microstrip Taylor antenna array with series feeding, which also boosts the antenna array’s bandwidth and minimizes sidelobe. The proposed antenna is designed, simulated, and tested in far-field radiating conditions and generates tri-band S-parameters with sufficient separation and high-quality double-polarized radiation. The fabrication and testing of MIMO antennas were completed, where the measurement results matched the simulation results. In addition, the 5G smartphone antenna system requires a new, lightweight phased microwave antenna (μ-wave) with wide bandwidth and a fire extender. Because of its decent performance and compact architectures, the proposed smartphone antenna array architecture is a better entrant for upcoming 5G cellular implementations. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:03:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-55ae180052f84c8a8d4cc198b0e6d6cf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:03:44Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-55ae180052f84c8a8d4cc198b0e6d6cf2023-11-22T16:00:52ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732021-09-011419620410.3390/en14196204A Novel Approach of Design and Analysis of a Hexagonal Fractal Antenna Array (HFAA) for Next-Generation Wireless CommunicationSatheeshkumar Palanisamy0Balakumaran Thangaraju1Osamah Ibrahim Khalaf2Youseef Alotaibi3Saleh Alghamdi4Fawaz Alassery5Department of ECE, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641014, Tamilnadu, IndiaDepartment of ECE, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641014, Tamilnadu, IndiaAl-Nahrain Nano-Renewable Energy Research Center, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 10072, IraqDepartment of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Information Technology, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Computer Engineering, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaThe study and exploration of massive multiple-input multiple-output (MMIMO) and millimeter-wave wireless access technology has been spurred by a shortage of bandwidth in the wireless communication sector. Massive MIMO, which combines antennas at the transmitter and receiver, is a key enabler technology for next-generation networks to enable exceptional spectrum and energy efficiency with simple processing techniques. For massive MIMOs, the lower band microwave or millimeter-wave band and the antenna are impeccably combined with RF transceivers. As a result, the 5G wireless communication antenna differs from traditional antennas in many ways. A new concept of the MIMO tri-band hexagonal antenna array is being introduced for next-generation cellular networks. With a total scaling dimension of 150 × 75 mm<sup>2</sup>, the structure consists of multiple hexagonal fractal antenna components at different corners of the patch. The radiating patch resonates at 2.55–2.75, 3.45–3.7, and 5.65–6.05 GHz (FR1 band) for better return loss (S11) of more than 15 dB in all three operating bands. The coplanar waveguide (CPW) feeding technique and defective ground structure in the ground plane have been employed for effective impedance matching. The deviation of the main lobe of the radiation pattern is achieved using a two-element microstrip Taylor antenna array with series feeding, which also boosts the antenna array’s bandwidth and minimizes sidelobe. The proposed antenna is designed, simulated, and tested in far-field radiating conditions and generates tri-band S-parameters with sufficient separation and high-quality double-polarized radiation. The fabrication and testing of MIMO antennas were completed, where the measurement results matched the simulation results. In addition, the 5G smartphone antenna system requires a new, lightweight phased microwave antenna (μ-wave) with wide bandwidth and a fire extender. Because of its decent performance and compact architectures, the proposed smartphone antenna array architecture is a better entrant for upcoming 5G cellular implementations.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/19/62045Gmultiband antenna systemantenna arrayfuture handsetssmartphone antennadefective ground surface |
| spellingShingle | Satheeshkumar Palanisamy Balakumaran Thangaraju Osamah Ibrahim Khalaf Youseef Alotaibi Saleh Alghamdi Fawaz Alassery A Novel Approach of Design and Analysis of a Hexagonal Fractal Antenna Array (HFAA) for Next-Generation Wireless Communication Energies 5G multiband antenna system antenna array future handsets smartphone antenna defective ground surface |
| title | A Novel Approach of Design and Analysis of a Hexagonal Fractal Antenna Array (HFAA) for Next-Generation Wireless Communication |
| title_full | A Novel Approach of Design and Analysis of a Hexagonal Fractal Antenna Array (HFAA) for Next-Generation Wireless Communication |
| title_fullStr | A Novel Approach of Design and Analysis of a Hexagonal Fractal Antenna Array (HFAA) for Next-Generation Wireless Communication |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Novel Approach of Design and Analysis of a Hexagonal Fractal Antenna Array (HFAA) for Next-Generation Wireless Communication |
| title_short | A Novel Approach of Design and Analysis of a Hexagonal Fractal Antenna Array (HFAA) for Next-Generation Wireless Communication |
| title_sort | novel approach of design and analysis of a hexagonal fractal antenna array hfaa for next generation wireless communication |
| topic | 5G multiband antenna system antenna array future handsets smartphone antenna defective ground surface |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/19/6204 |
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