Welding of High Entropy Alloys—A Review
High-entropy alloy (HEA) offers great flexibility in materials design with 3–5 principal elements and a range of unique advantages such as good microstructure stability, mechanical strength over a broad range of temperatures and corrosion resistance, etc. Welding of high entropy alloy, as...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-04-01
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| Series: | Entropy |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/4/431 |
| _version_ | 1811187646878187520 |
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| author | Jing Guo Cong Tang Glynn Rothwell Lisa Li Yun-Che Wang Qingxiang Yang Xuejun Ren |
| author_facet | Jing Guo Cong Tang Glynn Rothwell Lisa Li Yun-Che Wang Qingxiang Yang Xuejun Ren |
| author_sort | Jing Guo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | High-entropy alloy (HEA) offers great flexibility in materials design with 3–5 principal elements and a range of unique advantages such as good microstructure stability, mechanical strength over a broad range of temperatures and corrosion resistance, etc. Welding of high entropy alloy, as a key joining method, is an important emerging area with significant potential impact to future application-oriented research and technological developments in HEAs. The selection of feasible welding processes with optimized parameters is essential to enhance the applications of HEAs. However, the structure of the welded joints varies with material systems, welding methods and parameters. A systemic understanding of the structures and properties of the weldment is directly relevant to the application of HEAs as well as managing the effect of welding on situations such as corrosion that are known to be a service life limiting factor of welded structures in conditions such as marine environments. In this paper, key recent work on welding of HEAs is reviewed in detail focusing on the research of main HEA systems when applying different welding techniques. The experimental details including sample preparation, sample size (thickness) and welding conditions reflecting energy input are summarized and key issues are highlighted. The microstructures and properties of different welding zones, in particular the fusion zone (FZ) and the heat affected zones (HAZ), formed with different welding methods are compared and presented in details and the structure-property relationships are discussed. The work shows that the weldability of HEAs varies with the HEA composition groups and the welding method employed. Arc and laser welding of AlCoCrFeNi HEAs results in lower hardness in the FZ and HAZ and reduced overall strength. Friction stir welding results in higher hardness in the FZ and achieves comparable/higher strength of the welded joints in tensile tests. The welded HEAs are capable of maintaining a reasonable proportion of the ductility. The key structure changes including element distribution, the volume fraction of face centered cubic (FCC) and body centered cubic (BCC) phase as well as reported changes in the lattice constants are summarized and analyzed. Detailed mechanisms governing the mechanical properties including the grain size-property/hardness relationship in the form of Hall–Petch (H–P) effect for both bulk and welded structure of HEAs are compared. Finally, future challenges and main areas to research are highlighted. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T14:05:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-55d3a512c6d1495080a4e463ae8b969a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1099-4300 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T14:05:48Z |
| publishDate | 2019-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Entropy |
| spelling | doaj.art-55d3a512c6d1495080a4e463ae8b969a2022-12-22T04:19:53ZengMDPI AGEntropy1099-43002019-04-0121443110.3390/e21040431e21040431Welding of High Entropy Alloys—A ReviewJing Guo0Cong Tang1Glynn Rothwell2Lisa Li3Yun-Che Wang4Qingxiang Yang5Xuejun Ren6Department of Mechanical and Maritime Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5UG, UKDepartment of Mechanical and Maritime Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5UG, UKDepartment of Mechanical and Maritime Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5UG, UKDepartment of Mechanical and Maritime Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5UG, UKDepartment of Civil Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, TaiwanState Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, ChinaDepartment of Mechanical and Maritime Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5UG, UKHigh-entropy alloy (HEA) offers great flexibility in materials design with 3–5 principal elements and a range of unique advantages such as good microstructure stability, mechanical strength over a broad range of temperatures and corrosion resistance, etc. Welding of high entropy alloy, as a key joining method, is an important emerging area with significant potential impact to future application-oriented research and technological developments in HEAs. The selection of feasible welding processes with optimized parameters is essential to enhance the applications of HEAs. However, the structure of the welded joints varies with material systems, welding methods and parameters. A systemic understanding of the structures and properties of the weldment is directly relevant to the application of HEAs as well as managing the effect of welding on situations such as corrosion that are known to be a service life limiting factor of welded structures in conditions such as marine environments. In this paper, key recent work on welding of HEAs is reviewed in detail focusing on the research of main HEA systems when applying different welding techniques. The experimental details including sample preparation, sample size (thickness) and welding conditions reflecting energy input are summarized and key issues are highlighted. The microstructures and properties of different welding zones, in particular the fusion zone (FZ) and the heat affected zones (HAZ), formed with different welding methods are compared and presented in details and the structure-property relationships are discussed. The work shows that the weldability of HEAs varies with the HEA composition groups and the welding method employed. Arc and laser welding of AlCoCrFeNi HEAs results in lower hardness in the FZ and HAZ and reduced overall strength. Friction stir welding results in higher hardness in the FZ and achieves comparable/higher strength of the welded joints in tensile tests. The welded HEAs are capable of maintaining a reasonable proportion of the ductility. The key structure changes including element distribution, the volume fraction of face centered cubic (FCC) and body centered cubic (BCC) phase as well as reported changes in the lattice constants are summarized and analyzed. Detailed mechanisms governing the mechanical properties including the grain size-property/hardness relationship in the form of Hall–Petch (H–P) effect for both bulk and welded structure of HEAs are compared. Finally, future challenges and main areas to research are highlighted.https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/4/431high-entropy alloysweldingHall–Petch (H–P) effectlattice constants |
| spellingShingle | Jing Guo Cong Tang Glynn Rothwell Lisa Li Yun-Che Wang Qingxiang Yang Xuejun Ren Welding of High Entropy Alloys—A Review Entropy high-entropy alloys welding Hall–Petch (H–P) effect lattice constants |
| title | Welding of High Entropy Alloys—A Review |
| title_full | Welding of High Entropy Alloys—A Review |
| title_fullStr | Welding of High Entropy Alloys—A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Welding of High Entropy Alloys—A Review |
| title_short | Welding of High Entropy Alloys—A Review |
| title_sort | welding of high entropy alloys a review |
| topic | high-entropy alloys welding Hall–Petch (H–P) effect lattice constants |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/4/431 |
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