An Overview of In Vitro Assays of <sup>64</sup>Cu-, <sup>68</sup>Ga-, <sup>125</sup>I-, and <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Labelled Radiopharmaceuticals Using Radiometric Counters in the Era of Radiotheranostics
Radionuclides are unstable isotopes that mainly emit alpha (α), beta (β) or gamma (γ) radiation through radiation decay. Therefore, they are used in the biomedical field to label biomolecules or drugs for diagnostic imaging applications, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and/or single-photo...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Diagnostics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/7/1210 |
| _version_ | 1797608178001641472 |
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| author | Viviana Benfante Alessandro Stefano Muhammad Ali Riccardo Laudicella Walter Arancio Antonino Cucchiara Fabio Caruso Francesco Paolo Cammarata Claudia Coronnello Giorgio Russo Monica Miele Alessandra Vieni Antonino Tuttolomondo Anthony Yezzi Albert Comelli |
| author_facet | Viviana Benfante Alessandro Stefano Muhammad Ali Riccardo Laudicella Walter Arancio Antonino Cucchiara Fabio Caruso Francesco Paolo Cammarata Claudia Coronnello Giorgio Russo Monica Miele Alessandra Vieni Antonino Tuttolomondo Anthony Yezzi Albert Comelli |
| author_sort | Viviana Benfante |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Radionuclides are unstable isotopes that mainly emit alpha (α), beta (β) or gamma (γ) radiation through radiation decay. Therefore, they are used in the biomedical field to label biomolecules or drugs for diagnostic imaging applications, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and/or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). A growing field of research is the development of new radiopharmaceuticals for use in cancer treatments. Preclinical studies are the gold standard for translational research. Specifically, in vitro radiopharmaceutical studies are based on the use of radiopharmaceuticals directly on cells. To date, radiometric β- and γ-counters are the only tools able to assess a preclinical in vitro assay with the aim of estimating uptake, retention, and release parameters, including time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity and kinetic parameters. This review has been designed for researchers, such as biologists and biotechnologists, who would like to approach the radiobiology field and conduct in vitro assays for cellular radioactivity evaluations using radiometric counters. To demonstrate the importance of in vitro radiopharmaceutical assays using radiometric counters with a view to radiogenomics, many studies based on <sup>64</sup>Cu-, <sup>68</sup>Ga-, <sup>125</sup>I-, and <sup>99m</sup>Tc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals have been revised and summarized in this manuscript. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:39:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-55d3df910a3e421a89014f58eb1ba691 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4418 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:39:46Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Diagnostics |
| spelling | doaj.art-55d3df910a3e421a89014f58eb1ba6912023-11-17T16:29:21ZengMDPI AGDiagnostics2075-44182023-03-01137121010.3390/diagnostics13071210An Overview of In Vitro Assays of <sup>64</sup>Cu-, <sup>68</sup>Ga-, <sup>125</sup>I-, and <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Labelled Radiopharmaceuticals Using Radiometric Counters in the Era of RadiotheranosticsViviana Benfante0Alessandro Stefano1Muhammad Ali2Riccardo Laudicella3Walter Arancio4Antonino Cucchiara5Fabio Caruso6Francesco Paolo Cammarata7Claudia Coronnello8Giorgio Russo9Monica Miele10Alessandra Vieni11Antonino Tuttolomondo12Anthony Yezzi13Albert Comelli14Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, ItalyInstitute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù, ItalyRi.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, ItalyRi.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, ItalyRi.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, ItalyDepartment of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, ItalyDepartment of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, ItalyInstitute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù, ItalyRi.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, ItalyInstitute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù, ItalyRi.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, ItalyDepartment of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, ItalyDepartment of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, ItalyDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USARi.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, ItalyRadionuclides are unstable isotopes that mainly emit alpha (α), beta (β) or gamma (γ) radiation through radiation decay. Therefore, they are used in the biomedical field to label biomolecules or drugs for diagnostic imaging applications, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and/or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). A growing field of research is the development of new radiopharmaceuticals for use in cancer treatments. Preclinical studies are the gold standard for translational research. Specifically, in vitro radiopharmaceutical studies are based on the use of radiopharmaceuticals directly on cells. To date, radiometric β- and γ-counters are the only tools able to assess a preclinical in vitro assay with the aim of estimating uptake, retention, and release parameters, including time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity and kinetic parameters. This review has been designed for researchers, such as biologists and biotechnologists, who would like to approach the radiobiology field and conduct in vitro assays for cellular radioactivity evaluations using radiometric counters. To demonstrate the importance of in vitro radiopharmaceutical assays using radiometric counters with a view to radiogenomics, many studies based on <sup>64</sup>Cu-, <sup>68</sup>Ga-, <sup>125</sup>I-, and <sup>99m</sup>Tc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals have been revised and summarized in this manuscript.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/7/1210in vitro testradiopharmaceuticals radiobiologygamma counterradiotheranosticsimagingcancer |
| spellingShingle | Viviana Benfante Alessandro Stefano Muhammad Ali Riccardo Laudicella Walter Arancio Antonino Cucchiara Fabio Caruso Francesco Paolo Cammarata Claudia Coronnello Giorgio Russo Monica Miele Alessandra Vieni Antonino Tuttolomondo Anthony Yezzi Albert Comelli An Overview of In Vitro Assays of <sup>64</sup>Cu-, <sup>68</sup>Ga-, <sup>125</sup>I-, and <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Labelled Radiopharmaceuticals Using Radiometric Counters in the Era of Radiotheranostics Diagnostics in vitro test radiopharmaceuticals radiobiology gamma counter radiotheranostics imaging cancer |
| title | An Overview of In Vitro Assays of <sup>64</sup>Cu-, <sup>68</sup>Ga-, <sup>125</sup>I-, and <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Labelled Radiopharmaceuticals Using Radiometric Counters in the Era of Radiotheranostics |
| title_full | An Overview of In Vitro Assays of <sup>64</sup>Cu-, <sup>68</sup>Ga-, <sup>125</sup>I-, and <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Labelled Radiopharmaceuticals Using Radiometric Counters in the Era of Radiotheranostics |
| title_fullStr | An Overview of In Vitro Assays of <sup>64</sup>Cu-, <sup>68</sup>Ga-, <sup>125</sup>I-, and <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Labelled Radiopharmaceuticals Using Radiometric Counters in the Era of Radiotheranostics |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Overview of In Vitro Assays of <sup>64</sup>Cu-, <sup>68</sup>Ga-, <sup>125</sup>I-, and <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Labelled Radiopharmaceuticals Using Radiometric Counters in the Era of Radiotheranostics |
| title_short | An Overview of In Vitro Assays of <sup>64</sup>Cu-, <sup>68</sup>Ga-, <sup>125</sup>I-, and <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Labelled Radiopharmaceuticals Using Radiometric Counters in the Era of Radiotheranostics |
| title_sort | overview of in vitro assays of sup 64 sup cu sup 68 sup ga sup 125 sup i and sup 99m sup tc labelled radiopharmaceuticals using radiometric counters in the era of radiotheranostics |
| topic | in vitro test radiopharmaceuticals radiobiology gamma counter radiotheranostics imaging cancer |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/7/1210 |
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