Heavy Metal (Arsenic) Induced Antibiotic Resistance among Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Bacteria of Nosocomial Origin
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a leading cause of treatment failure for many infectious diseases worldwide. Improper overdosing and the misuse of antibiotics contributes significantly to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. The co-contamination of heavy metals and antibiotic compounds existi...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Pharmaceuticals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/15/11/1426 |
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| author | Naveed Ahmed Kinza Tahir Sara Aslam Sara Masood Cheema Ali A. Rabaan Safaa A. Turkistani Mohammed Garout Muhammad A. Halwani Mohammed Aljeldah Basim R. Al Shammari Amal A. Sabour Maha A. Alshiekheid Saleh A. Alshamrani Reyouf Al Azmi Ghadeer H. Al-Absi Shah Zeb Chan Yean Yean |
| author_facet | Naveed Ahmed Kinza Tahir Sara Aslam Sara Masood Cheema Ali A. Rabaan Safaa A. Turkistani Mohammed Garout Muhammad A. Halwani Mohammed Aljeldah Basim R. Al Shammari Amal A. Sabour Maha A. Alshiekheid Saleh A. Alshamrani Reyouf Al Azmi Ghadeer H. Al-Absi Shah Zeb Chan Yean Yean |
| author_sort | Naveed Ahmed |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a leading cause of treatment failure for many infectious diseases worldwide. Improper overdosing and the misuse of antibiotics contributes significantly to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. The co-contamination of heavy metals and antibiotic compounds existing in the environment might also be involved in the spread of AMR. The current study was designed to test the efficacy of heavy metals (arsenic) induced AMR patterns in clinically isolated extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria. A total of 300 clinically isolated ESBL-producing bacteria were collected from a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan, with the demographic characteristics of patients. After the collection of bacterial isolates, these were reinoculated on agar media for reidentification purposes. Direct antimicrobial sensitivity testing (AST) for bacterial isolates by disk diffusion methods was used to determine the AST patterns with and without heavy metal. The heavy metal was concentrated in dilutions of 1.25 g/mL. The collected bacterial isolates were isolated from wounds (<i>n</i> = 63, 21%), urine (<i>n</i> = 112, 37.3%), blood (<i>n</i> = 43, 14.3%), pus (<i>n</i> = 49, 16.3%), and aspirate (<i>n</i> = 33, 11%) samples. From the total 300 bacterial isolates, <i>n</i> = 172 were <i>Escherichia coli</i> (57.3%), 57 were <i>Klebsiella</i> spp. (19%), 32 were <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (10.6%), 21 were <i>Proteus mirabilis</i> (7%) and 18 were <i>Enterobacter</i> spp. (6%). Most of the antibiotic drugs were found resistant to tested bacteria. Colistin and Polymyxin-B showed the highest sensitivity against all tested bacteria, but when tested with heavy metals, these antibiotics were also found to be significantly resistant. We found that heavy metals induced the resistance capability in bacterial isolates, which leads to higher AMR patterns as compared to without heavy metal tested isolates. The results of the current study explored the heavy metal as an inducer of AMR and may contribute to the formation and spread of AMR in settings that are contaminated with heavy metals. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:04:38Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8247 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:04:38Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
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| series | Pharmaceuticals |
| spelling | doaj.art-5607395e352a4a29964563784292a6932023-11-24T09:35:33ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472022-11-011511142610.3390/ph15111426Heavy Metal (Arsenic) Induced Antibiotic Resistance among Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Bacteria of Nosocomial OriginNaveed Ahmed0Kinza Tahir1Sara Aslam2Sara Masood Cheema3Ali A. Rabaan4Safaa A. Turkistani5Mohammed Garout6Muhammad A. Halwani7Mohammed Aljeldah8Basim R. Al Shammari9Amal A. Sabour10Maha A. Alshiekheid11Saleh A. Alshamrani12Reyouf Al Azmi13Ghadeer H. Al-Absi14Shah Zeb15Chan Yean Yean16Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, MalaysiaDepartment of Medical Education, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore 54000, PakistanDepartment of Medical Education, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore 54000, PakistanDepartment of Pathology, Azra Naheed Medical College, Lahore 54000, PakistanMolecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Science, Jeddah 21134, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Al Baha 4781, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi ArabiaInfection Prevention and Control, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 32253, Saudi ArabiaCollege of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 325476, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Science, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, PakistanDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, MalaysiaAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a leading cause of treatment failure for many infectious diseases worldwide. Improper overdosing and the misuse of antibiotics contributes significantly to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. The co-contamination of heavy metals and antibiotic compounds existing in the environment might also be involved in the spread of AMR. The current study was designed to test the efficacy of heavy metals (arsenic) induced AMR patterns in clinically isolated extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria. A total of 300 clinically isolated ESBL-producing bacteria were collected from a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan, with the demographic characteristics of patients. After the collection of bacterial isolates, these were reinoculated on agar media for reidentification purposes. Direct antimicrobial sensitivity testing (AST) for bacterial isolates by disk diffusion methods was used to determine the AST patterns with and without heavy metal. The heavy metal was concentrated in dilutions of 1.25 g/mL. The collected bacterial isolates were isolated from wounds (<i>n</i> = 63, 21%), urine (<i>n</i> = 112, 37.3%), blood (<i>n</i> = 43, 14.3%), pus (<i>n</i> = 49, 16.3%), and aspirate (<i>n</i> = 33, 11%) samples. From the total 300 bacterial isolates, <i>n</i> = 172 were <i>Escherichia coli</i> (57.3%), 57 were <i>Klebsiella</i> spp. (19%), 32 were <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (10.6%), 21 were <i>Proteus mirabilis</i> (7%) and 18 were <i>Enterobacter</i> spp. (6%). Most of the antibiotic drugs were found resistant to tested bacteria. Colistin and Polymyxin-B showed the highest sensitivity against all tested bacteria, but when tested with heavy metals, these antibiotics were also found to be significantly resistant. We found that heavy metals induced the resistance capability in bacterial isolates, which leads to higher AMR patterns as compared to without heavy metal tested isolates. The results of the current study explored the heavy metal as an inducer of AMR and may contribute to the formation and spread of AMR in settings that are contaminated with heavy metals.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/15/11/1426ESBLsodium arsenateheavy metalsantibiotics resistanceantimicrobial resistancedouble disk diffusion test |
| spellingShingle | Naveed Ahmed Kinza Tahir Sara Aslam Sara Masood Cheema Ali A. Rabaan Safaa A. Turkistani Mohammed Garout Muhammad A. Halwani Mohammed Aljeldah Basim R. Al Shammari Amal A. Sabour Maha A. Alshiekheid Saleh A. Alshamrani Reyouf Al Azmi Ghadeer H. Al-Absi Shah Zeb Chan Yean Yean Heavy Metal (Arsenic) Induced Antibiotic Resistance among Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Bacteria of Nosocomial Origin Pharmaceuticals ESBL sodium arsenate heavy metals antibiotics resistance antimicrobial resistance double disk diffusion test |
| title | Heavy Metal (Arsenic) Induced Antibiotic Resistance among Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Bacteria of Nosocomial Origin |
| title_full | Heavy Metal (Arsenic) Induced Antibiotic Resistance among Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Bacteria of Nosocomial Origin |
| title_fullStr | Heavy Metal (Arsenic) Induced Antibiotic Resistance among Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Bacteria of Nosocomial Origin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Heavy Metal (Arsenic) Induced Antibiotic Resistance among Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Bacteria of Nosocomial Origin |
| title_short | Heavy Metal (Arsenic) Induced Antibiotic Resistance among Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Bacteria of Nosocomial Origin |
| title_sort | heavy metal arsenic induced antibiotic resistance among extended spectrum β lactamase esbl producing bacteria of nosocomial origin |
| topic | ESBL sodium arsenate heavy metals antibiotics resistance antimicrobial resistance double disk diffusion test |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/15/11/1426 |
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