Endotracheal tube, by the venturi effect, reduces the efficacy of increasing inlet pressure in improving pendelluft.
In mechanically ventilated severe acute respiratory distress syndrome patients, spontaneous inspiratory effort generates more negative pressure in the dorsal lung than in the ventral lung. The airflow caused by this pressure difference is called pendelluft, which is a possible mechanisms of patient...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2023-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291319 |
| _version_ | 1827812014451326976 |
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| author | Kazuhiro Takahashi Hiroaki Toyama Yutaka Ejima Jinyou Yang Kenji Kikuchi Takuji Ishikawa Masanori Yamauchi |
| author_facet | Kazuhiro Takahashi Hiroaki Toyama Yutaka Ejima Jinyou Yang Kenji Kikuchi Takuji Ishikawa Masanori Yamauchi |
| author_sort | Kazuhiro Takahashi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In mechanically ventilated severe acute respiratory distress syndrome patients, spontaneous inspiratory effort generates more negative pressure in the dorsal lung than in the ventral lung. The airflow caused by this pressure difference is called pendelluft, which is a possible mechanisms of patient self-inflicted lung injury. This study aimed to use computer simulation to understand how the endotracheal tube and insufficient ventilatory support contribute to pendelluft. We established two models. In the invasive model, an endotracheal tube was connected to the tracheobronchial tree with 34 outlets grouped into six locations: the right and left upper, lower, and middle lobes. In the non-invasive model, the upper airway, including the glottis, was connected to the tracheobronchial tree. To recreate the inspiratory effort of acute respiratory distress syndrome patients, the lower lobe pressure was set at -13 cmH2O, while the upper and middle lobe pressure was set at -6.4 cmH2O. The inlet pressure was set from 10 to 30 cmH2O to recreate ventilatory support. Using the finite volume method, the total flow rates through each model and toward each lobe were calculated. The invasive model had half the total flow rate of the non-invasive model (1.92 L/s versus 3.73 L/s under 10 cmH2O, respectively). More pendelluft (gas flow into the model from the outlets) was observed in the invasive model than in the non-invasive model. The inlet pressure increase from 10 to 30 cmH2O decreased pendelluft by 11% and 29% in the invasive and non-invasive models, respectively. In the invasive model, a faster jet flowed from the tip of the endotracheal tube toward the lower lobes, consequently entraining gas from the upper and middle lobes. Increasing ventilatory support intensifies the jet from the endotracheal tube, causing a venturi effect at the bifurcation in the tracheobronchial tree. Clinically acceptable ventilatory support cannot completely prevent pendelluft. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T23:13:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-563da7ecd45a4d72b9de033d8a8ecf1c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T23:13:24Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj.art-563da7ecd45a4d72b9de033d8a8ecf1c2023-09-21T05:32:38ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032023-01-01189e029131910.1371/journal.pone.0291319Endotracheal tube, by the venturi effect, reduces the efficacy of increasing inlet pressure in improving pendelluft.Kazuhiro TakahashiHiroaki ToyamaYutaka EjimaJinyou YangKenji KikuchiTakuji IshikawaMasanori YamauchiIn mechanically ventilated severe acute respiratory distress syndrome patients, spontaneous inspiratory effort generates more negative pressure in the dorsal lung than in the ventral lung. The airflow caused by this pressure difference is called pendelluft, which is a possible mechanisms of patient self-inflicted lung injury. This study aimed to use computer simulation to understand how the endotracheal tube and insufficient ventilatory support contribute to pendelluft. We established two models. In the invasive model, an endotracheal tube was connected to the tracheobronchial tree with 34 outlets grouped into six locations: the right and left upper, lower, and middle lobes. In the non-invasive model, the upper airway, including the glottis, was connected to the tracheobronchial tree. To recreate the inspiratory effort of acute respiratory distress syndrome patients, the lower lobe pressure was set at -13 cmH2O, while the upper and middle lobe pressure was set at -6.4 cmH2O. The inlet pressure was set from 10 to 30 cmH2O to recreate ventilatory support. Using the finite volume method, the total flow rates through each model and toward each lobe were calculated. The invasive model had half the total flow rate of the non-invasive model (1.92 L/s versus 3.73 L/s under 10 cmH2O, respectively). More pendelluft (gas flow into the model from the outlets) was observed in the invasive model than in the non-invasive model. The inlet pressure increase from 10 to 30 cmH2O decreased pendelluft by 11% and 29% in the invasive and non-invasive models, respectively. In the invasive model, a faster jet flowed from the tip of the endotracheal tube toward the lower lobes, consequently entraining gas from the upper and middle lobes. Increasing ventilatory support intensifies the jet from the endotracheal tube, causing a venturi effect at the bifurcation in the tracheobronchial tree. Clinically acceptable ventilatory support cannot completely prevent pendelluft.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291319 |
| spellingShingle | Kazuhiro Takahashi Hiroaki Toyama Yutaka Ejima Jinyou Yang Kenji Kikuchi Takuji Ishikawa Masanori Yamauchi Endotracheal tube, by the venturi effect, reduces the efficacy of increasing inlet pressure in improving pendelluft. PLoS ONE |
| title | Endotracheal tube, by the venturi effect, reduces the efficacy of increasing inlet pressure in improving pendelluft. |
| title_full | Endotracheal tube, by the venturi effect, reduces the efficacy of increasing inlet pressure in improving pendelluft. |
| title_fullStr | Endotracheal tube, by the venturi effect, reduces the efficacy of increasing inlet pressure in improving pendelluft. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Endotracheal tube, by the venturi effect, reduces the efficacy of increasing inlet pressure in improving pendelluft. |
| title_short | Endotracheal tube, by the venturi effect, reduces the efficacy of increasing inlet pressure in improving pendelluft. |
| title_sort | endotracheal tube by the venturi effect reduces the efficacy of increasing inlet pressure in improving pendelluft |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291319 |
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