Smell as a Disease Marker in Multiple Sclerosis
Existing data suggest that people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) are at an elevated risk for experiencing olfactory impairment. We investigated if smell dysfunction can be used as an MS disease marker. This is a cross-sectional, case–control study. All data were collected prospectively from 171 part...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/17/5215 |
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| author | Athanasia Printza Marina Boziki Constantinos Valsamidis Christos Bakirtzis Jannis Constantinidis Nikolaos Grigoriadis Stefanos Triaridis |
| author_facet | Athanasia Printza Marina Boziki Constantinos Valsamidis Christos Bakirtzis Jannis Constantinidis Nikolaos Grigoriadis Stefanos Triaridis |
| author_sort | Athanasia Printza |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Existing data suggest that people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) are at an elevated risk for experiencing olfactory impairment. We investigated if smell dysfunction can be used as an MS disease marker. This is a cross-sectional, case–control study. All data were collected prospectively from 171 participants, 115 pwMS and 56 controls (age and sex stratified and matched to the patients), who reported smell, taste, and nasal breathing, and completed the Greek-validated questionnaires for nasal obstruction (NOSE), nasal-symptoms QoL (SNOT-22), and olfaction-associated QoL (QOD). The smell was assessed with the “Sniffin’ sticks” (odor threshold (OT), discrimination (OD), identification (OI) test, and total TDI). We recorded the pwMS disease characteristics (Expanded Disability Status Scale-EDSS, the disease type and duration), cognitive function, emotional status, fatigue, and impact of MS in everyday activities. A TDI < 30.75 (hyposmia) was detected in 30.8% of the patients. The patients’ OD and TDI scores were significantly lower than the controls’ (<i>p</i> = 0.005, and 0.015, respectively). The hyposmia correlated with disease severity and duration. The EDSS score correlated negatively with OD (r = −0.299, <i>p</i> = 0.001) and TDI (r = −0.242, <i>p</i> = 0.01). The disease duration correlated negatively with OD (r = −0.305, <i>p</i> = 0.001, OI (r = −0.253, <i>p</i> = 0.008) and TDI (r = −0.3, <i>p</i> = 0.001). The information processing speed (SDMT) correlated with OD, OT, and TDI (r = 0.302, <i>p</i> = 0.002; r = 0.242, <i>p</i> = 0.016; r = 0.326, <i>p</i> = 0.001). The olfactory function is changing in MS in accordance with disease progression. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:37:24Z |
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| id | doaj.art-566f0ff5a4ff4272a95c70d5fa317e31 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:37:24Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
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| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-566f0ff5a4ff4272a95c70d5fa317e312023-11-23T13:29:44ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832022-09-011117521510.3390/jcm11175215Smell as a Disease Marker in Multiple SclerosisAthanasia Printza0Marina Boziki1Constantinos Valsamidis2Christos Bakirtzis3Jannis Constantinidis4Nikolaos Grigoriadis5Stefanos Triaridis61st Otolaryngology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece2nd Neurology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece1st Otolaryngology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece2nd Neurology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece1st Otolaryngology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece2nd Neurology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece1st Otolaryngology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceExisting data suggest that people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) are at an elevated risk for experiencing olfactory impairment. We investigated if smell dysfunction can be used as an MS disease marker. This is a cross-sectional, case–control study. All data were collected prospectively from 171 participants, 115 pwMS and 56 controls (age and sex stratified and matched to the patients), who reported smell, taste, and nasal breathing, and completed the Greek-validated questionnaires for nasal obstruction (NOSE), nasal-symptoms QoL (SNOT-22), and olfaction-associated QoL (QOD). The smell was assessed with the “Sniffin’ sticks” (odor threshold (OT), discrimination (OD), identification (OI) test, and total TDI). We recorded the pwMS disease characteristics (Expanded Disability Status Scale-EDSS, the disease type and duration), cognitive function, emotional status, fatigue, and impact of MS in everyday activities. A TDI < 30.75 (hyposmia) was detected in 30.8% of the patients. The patients’ OD and TDI scores were significantly lower than the controls’ (<i>p</i> = 0.005, and 0.015, respectively). The hyposmia correlated with disease severity and duration. The EDSS score correlated negatively with OD (r = −0.299, <i>p</i> = 0.001) and TDI (r = −0.242, <i>p</i> = 0.01). The disease duration correlated negatively with OD (r = −0.305, <i>p</i> = 0.001, OI (r = −0.253, <i>p</i> = 0.008) and TDI (r = −0.3, <i>p</i> = 0.001). The information processing speed (SDMT) correlated with OD, OT, and TDI (r = 0.302, <i>p</i> = 0.002; r = 0.242, <i>p</i> = 0.016; r = 0.326, <i>p</i> = 0.001). The olfactory function is changing in MS in accordance with disease progression.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/17/5215smellolfactionmultiple sclerosisolfactory thresholdidentificationnasal symptoms |
| spellingShingle | Athanasia Printza Marina Boziki Constantinos Valsamidis Christos Bakirtzis Jannis Constantinidis Nikolaos Grigoriadis Stefanos Triaridis Smell as a Disease Marker in Multiple Sclerosis Journal of Clinical Medicine smell olfaction multiple sclerosis olfactory threshold identification nasal symptoms |
| title | Smell as a Disease Marker in Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_full | Smell as a Disease Marker in Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_fullStr | Smell as a Disease Marker in Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Smell as a Disease Marker in Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_short | Smell as a Disease Marker in Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_sort | smell as a disease marker in multiple sclerosis |
| topic | smell olfaction multiple sclerosis olfactory threshold identification nasal symptoms |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/17/5215 |
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