Re-Discovery of <i>Giardiavirus</i>: Genomic and Functional Analysis of Viruses from <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> Isolates
Giardiasis, caused by the protozoan parasite <i>Giardia duodenalis</i>, is an intestinal diarrheal disease affecting almost one billion people worldwide. A small endosymbiotic dsRNA viruses, <i>G. lamblia</i> virus (GLV), genus <i>Giardiavirus</i>, family <i>...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-06-01
|
| Series: | Biomedicines |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/6/654 |
| _version_ | 1827690354052169728 |
|---|---|
| author | Gianluca Marucci Ilaria Zullino Lucia Bertuccini Serena Camerini Serena Cecchetti Agostina Pietrantoni Marialuisa Casella Paolo Vatta Alex D. Greenwood Annarita Fiorillo Marco Lalle |
| author_facet | Gianluca Marucci Ilaria Zullino Lucia Bertuccini Serena Camerini Serena Cecchetti Agostina Pietrantoni Marialuisa Casella Paolo Vatta Alex D. Greenwood Annarita Fiorillo Marco Lalle |
| author_sort | Gianluca Marucci |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Giardiasis, caused by the protozoan parasite <i>Giardia duodenalis</i>, is an intestinal diarrheal disease affecting almost one billion people worldwide. A small endosymbiotic dsRNA viruses, <i>G. lamblia</i> virus (GLV), genus <i>Giardiavirus</i>, family <i>Totiviridae</i>, might inhabit human and animal isolates of <i>G. duodenalis</i>. Three GLV genomes have been sequenced so far, and only one was intensively studied; moreover, a positive correlation between GLV and parasite virulence is yet to be proved. To understand the biological significance of GLV infection in <i>Giardia</i>, the characterization of several GLV strains from naturally infected <i>G. duodenalis</i> isolates is necessary. Here we report high-throughput sequencing of four GLVs strains, from <i>Giardia</i> isolates of human and animal origin. We also report on a new, unclassified viral sequence (designed GdRV-2), unrelated to <i>Giardiavirus</i>, encoding and expressing for a single large protein with an RdRp domain homologous to <i>Totiviridae</i> and <i>Botybirnaviridae</i>. The result of our sequencing and proteomic analyses challenge the current knowledge on GLV and strongly suggest that viral capsid protein translation unusually starts with a proline and that translation of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) occurs via a +1/−2 ribosomal frameshift mechanism. Nucleotide polymorphism, confirmed by mass-spectrometry analysis, was also observed among and between GLV strains. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the occurrence of at least two GLV subtypes which display different phenotypes and transmissibility in experimental infections of a GLV naïve <i>Giardia</i> isolate. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:37:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-56bd812df1bc45699f21ce4485b6424d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:37:05Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-56bd812df1bc45699f21ce4485b6424d2023-11-21T23:15:28ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592021-06-019665410.3390/biomedicines9060654Re-Discovery of <i>Giardiavirus</i>: Genomic and Functional Analysis of Viruses from <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> IsolatesGianluca Marucci0Ilaria Zullino1Lucia Bertuccini2Serena Camerini3Serena Cecchetti4Agostina Pietrantoni5Marialuisa Casella6Paolo Vatta7Alex D. Greenwood8Annarita Fiorillo9Marco Lalle10Unit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, ItalyUnit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, ItalyCore Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, ItalyCore Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, ItalyCore Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, ItalyCore Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, ItalyCore Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, ItalyUnit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, ItalyLeibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315 Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Biochemical Science “A. Rossi-Fanelli”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, ItalyUnit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, ItalyGiardiasis, caused by the protozoan parasite <i>Giardia duodenalis</i>, is an intestinal diarrheal disease affecting almost one billion people worldwide. A small endosymbiotic dsRNA viruses, <i>G. lamblia</i> virus (GLV), genus <i>Giardiavirus</i>, family <i>Totiviridae</i>, might inhabit human and animal isolates of <i>G. duodenalis</i>. Three GLV genomes have been sequenced so far, and only one was intensively studied; moreover, a positive correlation between GLV and parasite virulence is yet to be proved. To understand the biological significance of GLV infection in <i>Giardia</i>, the characterization of several GLV strains from naturally infected <i>G. duodenalis</i> isolates is necessary. Here we report high-throughput sequencing of four GLVs strains, from <i>Giardia</i> isolates of human and animal origin. We also report on a new, unclassified viral sequence (designed GdRV-2), unrelated to <i>Giardiavirus</i>, encoding and expressing for a single large protein with an RdRp domain homologous to <i>Totiviridae</i> and <i>Botybirnaviridae</i>. The result of our sequencing and proteomic analyses challenge the current knowledge on GLV and strongly suggest that viral capsid protein translation unusually starts with a proline and that translation of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) occurs via a +1/−2 ribosomal frameshift mechanism. Nucleotide polymorphism, confirmed by mass-spectrometry analysis, was also observed among and between GLV strains. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the occurrence of at least two GLV subtypes which display different phenotypes and transmissibility in experimental infections of a GLV naïve <i>Giardia</i> isolate.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/6/654<i>Giardia duodenalis</i><i>Giardiavirus</i>RNA virusesviriongenomicsproteomics |
| spellingShingle | Gianluca Marucci Ilaria Zullino Lucia Bertuccini Serena Camerini Serena Cecchetti Agostina Pietrantoni Marialuisa Casella Paolo Vatta Alex D. Greenwood Annarita Fiorillo Marco Lalle Re-Discovery of <i>Giardiavirus</i>: Genomic and Functional Analysis of Viruses from <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> Isolates Biomedicines <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> <i>Giardiavirus</i> RNA viruses virion genomics proteomics |
| title | Re-Discovery of <i>Giardiavirus</i>: Genomic and Functional Analysis of Viruses from <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> Isolates |
| title_full | Re-Discovery of <i>Giardiavirus</i>: Genomic and Functional Analysis of Viruses from <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> Isolates |
| title_fullStr | Re-Discovery of <i>Giardiavirus</i>: Genomic and Functional Analysis of Viruses from <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> Isolates |
| title_full_unstemmed | Re-Discovery of <i>Giardiavirus</i>: Genomic and Functional Analysis of Viruses from <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> Isolates |
| title_short | Re-Discovery of <i>Giardiavirus</i>: Genomic and Functional Analysis of Viruses from <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> Isolates |
| title_sort | re discovery of i giardiavirus i genomic and functional analysis of viruses from i giardia duodenalis i isolates |
| topic | <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> <i>Giardiavirus</i> RNA viruses virion genomics proteomics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/6/654 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gianlucamarucci rediscoveryofigiardiavirusigenomicandfunctionalanalysisofvirusesfromigiardiaduodenalisiisolates AT ilariazullino rediscoveryofigiardiavirusigenomicandfunctionalanalysisofvirusesfromigiardiaduodenalisiisolates AT luciabertuccini rediscoveryofigiardiavirusigenomicandfunctionalanalysisofvirusesfromigiardiaduodenalisiisolates AT serenacamerini rediscoveryofigiardiavirusigenomicandfunctionalanalysisofvirusesfromigiardiaduodenalisiisolates AT serenacecchetti rediscoveryofigiardiavirusigenomicandfunctionalanalysisofvirusesfromigiardiaduodenalisiisolates AT agostinapietrantoni rediscoveryofigiardiavirusigenomicandfunctionalanalysisofvirusesfromigiardiaduodenalisiisolates AT marialuisacasella rediscoveryofigiardiavirusigenomicandfunctionalanalysisofvirusesfromigiardiaduodenalisiisolates AT paolovatta rediscoveryofigiardiavirusigenomicandfunctionalanalysisofvirusesfromigiardiaduodenalisiisolates AT alexdgreenwood rediscoveryofigiardiavirusigenomicandfunctionalanalysisofvirusesfromigiardiaduodenalisiisolates AT annaritafiorillo rediscoveryofigiardiavirusigenomicandfunctionalanalysisofvirusesfromigiardiaduodenalisiisolates AT marcolalle rediscoveryofigiardiavirusigenomicandfunctionalanalysisofvirusesfromigiardiaduodenalisiisolates |