Intermediate Cluster Disinfection: Which Disinfection Solution Is Most Effective on Milking Liners? A Comparison of Microorganism Reduction on Liner Inner Surfaces Using Quantitative Swab Sampling Technique
During machine milking, pathogenic microorganisms can be transmitted from cow to cow through liners. Therefore, in Germany, a spray method for the intermediate disinfection of the milking cluster is often used for prevention. This method of cluster disinfection is easy to perform, requires little ti...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/4/560 |
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| author | Sabrina Scheib Stefanie Leimbach Georg Avramidis Martin Bellmann Julia Nitz Christian Ochs Anne Tellen Nicole Wente Yanchao Zhang Wolfgang Viöl Volker Krömker |
| author_facet | Sabrina Scheib Stefanie Leimbach Georg Avramidis Martin Bellmann Julia Nitz Christian Ochs Anne Tellen Nicole Wente Yanchao Zhang Wolfgang Viöl Volker Krömker |
| author_sort | Sabrina Scheib |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | During machine milking, pathogenic microorganisms can be transmitted from cow to cow through liners. Therefore, in Germany, a spray method for the intermediate disinfection of the milking cluster is often used for prevention. This method of cluster disinfection is easy to perform, requires little time and no extra materials, and the disinfection solution is safe from outside contamination in the spray bottle. Since no data on a systematic efficacy trial are available, the aim of this study was to determine the microbial reduction effect of intermediate disinfection. Therefore, laboratory and field trials were conducted. In both trials, two sprays of 0.85 mL per burst of different disinfectant solutions were sprayed into the contaminated liners. For sampling, a quantitative swabbing method using a modified wet–dry swab (WDS) technique based on DIN 10113-1: 1997-07 was applied. Thus, the effectiveness of disinfectants based on Peracetic Acid, Hydrogen Peroxide and Plasma-Activated Buffered Solution (PABS) was compared. In the laboratory trial, the inner surfaces of liners were contaminated with pure cultures of <i>Escherichia</i> (<i>E.</i>) <i>coli</i>, <i>Staphylococcus</i> (<i>S.</i>) <i>aureus</i>, <i>Streptococcus</i> (<i>Sc.</i>) <i>uberis</i> and <i>Sc. agalactiae</i>. The disinfection of the contaminated liners with the disinfectants resulted in a significant reduction in bacteria with values averaging 1 log for <i>E. coli</i>, 0.7 log for <i>S. aureus,</i> 0.7 log for <i>Sc. uberis</i> and 0.8 log for <i>Sc. agalactiae</i>. The highest reduction was obtained for contamination with <i>E. coli</i> (1.3 log) and <i>Sc. uberis</i> (0.8 log) when PABS was applied and for contamination with <i>S. aureus</i> (1.1 log) and <i>Sc. agalactiae</i> (1 log) when Peracetic Acid Solution (PAS) was used. Treatment with sterile water only led to an average reduction of 0.4 log. In the field trial, after the milking of 575 cows, the liners were disinfected and the total microorganism count from the liner surface was performed. The reduction was measured against an untreated liner within the cluster. Although a reduction in microorganisms was achieved in the field trial, it was not significant. When using PAS, a log reduction of 0.3 was achieved; when using PABS, a log reduction of 0.2 was obtained. The difference between the two disinfection methods was also not significant. Treatment with sterile water only led to a reduction of 0.1 log. The results show that spray disinfection under these circumstances does result in a reduction in the bacteria on the milking liner surface, but for effective disinfection a higher reduction would be preferred. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-56c99e2901ac4816bb4363533db1dbd22023-11-17T20:48:27ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172023-04-0112456010.3390/pathogens12040560Intermediate Cluster Disinfection: Which Disinfection Solution Is Most Effective on Milking Liners? A Comparison of Microorganism Reduction on Liner Inner Surfaces Using Quantitative Swab Sampling TechniqueSabrina Scheib0Stefanie Leimbach1Georg Avramidis2Martin Bellmann3Julia Nitz4Christian Ochs5Anne Tellen6Nicole Wente7Yanchao Zhang8Wolfgang Viöl9Volker Krömker10Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Mechanical and Bioprocess Engineering, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 30452 Hannover, GermanyDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Mechanical and Bioprocess Engineering, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 30452 Hannover, GermanyFaculty Engineering and Health, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 37085 Goettingen, GermanyFaculty Engineering and Health, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 37085 Goettingen, GermanyDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Mechanical and Bioprocess Engineering, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 30452 Hannover, GermanyFaculty Engineering and Health, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 37085 Goettingen, GermanyDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Mechanical and Bioprocess Engineering, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 30452 Hannover, GermanyDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Mechanical and Bioprocess Engineering, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 30452 Hannover, GermanyDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Mechanical and Bioprocess Engineering, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 30452 Hannover, GermanyFaculty Engineering and Health, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 37085 Goettingen, GermanyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, DenmarkDuring machine milking, pathogenic microorganisms can be transmitted from cow to cow through liners. Therefore, in Germany, a spray method for the intermediate disinfection of the milking cluster is often used for prevention. This method of cluster disinfection is easy to perform, requires little time and no extra materials, and the disinfection solution is safe from outside contamination in the spray bottle. Since no data on a systematic efficacy trial are available, the aim of this study was to determine the microbial reduction effect of intermediate disinfection. Therefore, laboratory and field trials were conducted. In both trials, two sprays of 0.85 mL per burst of different disinfectant solutions were sprayed into the contaminated liners. For sampling, a quantitative swabbing method using a modified wet–dry swab (WDS) technique based on DIN 10113-1: 1997-07 was applied. Thus, the effectiveness of disinfectants based on Peracetic Acid, Hydrogen Peroxide and Plasma-Activated Buffered Solution (PABS) was compared. In the laboratory trial, the inner surfaces of liners were contaminated with pure cultures of <i>Escherichia</i> (<i>E.</i>) <i>coli</i>, <i>Staphylococcus</i> (<i>S.</i>) <i>aureus</i>, <i>Streptococcus</i> (<i>Sc.</i>) <i>uberis</i> and <i>Sc. agalactiae</i>. The disinfection of the contaminated liners with the disinfectants resulted in a significant reduction in bacteria with values averaging 1 log for <i>E. coli</i>, 0.7 log for <i>S. aureus,</i> 0.7 log for <i>Sc. uberis</i> and 0.8 log for <i>Sc. agalactiae</i>. The highest reduction was obtained for contamination with <i>E. coli</i> (1.3 log) and <i>Sc. uberis</i> (0.8 log) when PABS was applied and for contamination with <i>S. aureus</i> (1.1 log) and <i>Sc. agalactiae</i> (1 log) when Peracetic Acid Solution (PAS) was used. Treatment with sterile water only led to an average reduction of 0.4 log. In the field trial, after the milking of 575 cows, the liners were disinfected and the total microorganism count from the liner surface was performed. The reduction was measured against an untreated liner within the cluster. Although a reduction in microorganisms was achieved in the field trial, it was not significant. When using PAS, a log reduction of 0.3 was achieved; when using PABS, a log reduction of 0.2 was obtained. The difference between the two disinfection methods was also not significant. Treatment with sterile water only led to a reduction of 0.1 log. The results show that spray disinfection under these circumstances does result in a reduction in the bacteria on the milking liner surface, but for effective disinfection a higher reduction would be preferred.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/4/560Plasma-Activated Buffered SolutionPeracetic Acid Solutionwet–dry swab techniquemastitis preventionsurface microbial count |
| spellingShingle | Sabrina Scheib Stefanie Leimbach Georg Avramidis Martin Bellmann Julia Nitz Christian Ochs Anne Tellen Nicole Wente Yanchao Zhang Wolfgang Viöl Volker Krömker Intermediate Cluster Disinfection: Which Disinfection Solution Is Most Effective on Milking Liners? A Comparison of Microorganism Reduction on Liner Inner Surfaces Using Quantitative Swab Sampling Technique Pathogens Plasma-Activated Buffered Solution Peracetic Acid Solution wet–dry swab technique mastitis prevention surface microbial count |
| title | Intermediate Cluster Disinfection: Which Disinfection Solution Is Most Effective on Milking Liners? A Comparison of Microorganism Reduction on Liner Inner Surfaces Using Quantitative Swab Sampling Technique |
| title_full | Intermediate Cluster Disinfection: Which Disinfection Solution Is Most Effective on Milking Liners? A Comparison of Microorganism Reduction on Liner Inner Surfaces Using Quantitative Swab Sampling Technique |
| title_fullStr | Intermediate Cluster Disinfection: Which Disinfection Solution Is Most Effective on Milking Liners? A Comparison of Microorganism Reduction on Liner Inner Surfaces Using Quantitative Swab Sampling Technique |
| title_full_unstemmed | Intermediate Cluster Disinfection: Which Disinfection Solution Is Most Effective on Milking Liners? A Comparison of Microorganism Reduction on Liner Inner Surfaces Using Quantitative Swab Sampling Technique |
| title_short | Intermediate Cluster Disinfection: Which Disinfection Solution Is Most Effective on Milking Liners? A Comparison of Microorganism Reduction on Liner Inner Surfaces Using Quantitative Swab Sampling Technique |
| title_sort | intermediate cluster disinfection which disinfection solution is most effective on milking liners a comparison of microorganism reduction on liner inner surfaces using quantitative swab sampling technique |
| topic | Plasma-Activated Buffered Solution Peracetic Acid Solution wet–dry swab technique mastitis prevention surface microbial count |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/4/560 |
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