Derived Profiles of CCN and INP Number Concentrations in the Taklimakan Desert via Combined Polarization Lidar, Sun-Photometer, and Radiosonde Observations
Understanding the vertical structures of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice-nucleating particle (INP) number concentrations in desert source regions is crucial for examining dust-cloud interactions and other related impacts. To explore the vertical profiles of the CCN and INP number concentrati...
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1216 |
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| author | Shuang Zhang Zhongwei Huang Khan Alam Meishi Li Qingqing Dong Yongkai Wang Xingtai Shen Jianrong Bi Jiantao Zhang Wuren Li Ze Li Wenbiao Wang Zhengnan Cui Xiaodong Song |
| author_facet | Shuang Zhang Zhongwei Huang Khan Alam Meishi Li Qingqing Dong Yongkai Wang Xingtai Shen Jianrong Bi Jiantao Zhang Wuren Li Ze Li Wenbiao Wang Zhengnan Cui Xiaodong Song |
| author_sort | Shuang Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Understanding the vertical structures of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice-nucleating particle (INP) number concentrations in desert source regions is crucial for examining dust-cloud interactions and other related impacts. To explore the vertical profiles of the CCN and INP number concentrations and their possible atmospheric–dynamic influence factors at the center of the Taklimakan Desert, intensive observations were conducted by employing a ground-based polarization Raman lidar, sounding balloons, and a sun photometer in Tazhong (83.39° E, 38.58° N, 1103 m above sea level) during the summer of 2019. Based on the GRASP algorithm, the extinction-to-volume conversion factor of dust aerosols was 0.85 × 10<sup>−12</sup> Mmm<sup>3</sup> m<sup>−3</sup>, and the extinction-to-number conversion factor was predicted to be 0.20 Mm cm<sup>−3</sup> on the basis of the sun photometer observations. Thus, the vertical CCN and INP number concentration profiles obtained with different parameterization schemes in the presence of various pollution levels were calculated by combining dust extinction coefficients retrieved by lidar and meteorological data observed by sounding balloon observations. The achieved results indicated that the CCN number concentration varied from 10<sup>−2</sup> to 10<sup>2</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup> and decreased from ground level to 12 km with an average value of 36.57 cm<sup>−3</sup> at the 10–12 km height range, while the INP number concentration based on parameterization schemes D10 and D15 mainly varied from 10<sup>−1</sup> to 10<sup>2</sup> L<sup>−1</sup> and from 1 L<sup>−1</sup> to 10<sup>3</sup> L<sup>−1</sup>, with average values of 3.50 L<sup>−1</sup> and 7.80 L<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Moreover, we observed a strong relationship between the INP number concentration of scheme D10 and the wind speed, with an <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> value of 0.72, but a weak relationship between the CCN number concentration and the relative humidity in the boundary layer, with a Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient <i>R<sup>2</sup></i> value of 0.38. The present study provides original and valuable information regarding the CCN and INP number concentrations and their related influencing factors at the center of the Taklimakan Desert and can improve our understanding of the vertical distributions of dust–cloud–atmosphere dynamic interactions, as well as of the roles of dust aerosols in the desert hydrological cycle. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:12:14Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:12:14Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-56d7ea54e5754d8cb50a67063889a6452023-11-17T08:30:01ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922023-02-01155121610.3390/rs15051216Derived Profiles of CCN and INP Number Concentrations in the Taklimakan Desert via Combined Polarization Lidar, Sun-Photometer, and Radiosonde ObservationsShuang Zhang0Zhongwei Huang1Khan Alam2Meishi Li3Qingqing Dong4Yongkai Wang5Xingtai Shen6Jianrong Bi7Jiantao Zhang8Wuren Li9Ze Li10Wenbiao Wang11Zhengnan Cui12Xiaodong Song13Collaborative Innovation Center for West Ecological Safety (CIWES), Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for West Ecological Safety (CIWES), Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for West Ecological Safety (CIWES), Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for West Ecological Safety (CIWES), Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for West Ecological Safety (CIWES), Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for West Ecological Safety (CIWES), Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for West Ecological Safety (CIWES), Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for West Ecological Safety (CIWES), Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaInstitute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration/National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for West Ecological Safety (CIWES), Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for West Ecological Safety (CIWES), Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaElion Resources Group Co., Ltd., No.15 Guanghua Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100026, ChinaElion Resources Group Co., Ltd., No.15 Guanghua Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100026, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for West Ecological Safety (CIWES), Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaUnderstanding the vertical structures of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice-nucleating particle (INP) number concentrations in desert source regions is crucial for examining dust-cloud interactions and other related impacts. To explore the vertical profiles of the CCN and INP number concentrations and their possible atmospheric–dynamic influence factors at the center of the Taklimakan Desert, intensive observations were conducted by employing a ground-based polarization Raman lidar, sounding balloons, and a sun photometer in Tazhong (83.39° E, 38.58° N, 1103 m above sea level) during the summer of 2019. Based on the GRASP algorithm, the extinction-to-volume conversion factor of dust aerosols was 0.85 × 10<sup>−12</sup> Mmm<sup>3</sup> m<sup>−3</sup>, and the extinction-to-number conversion factor was predicted to be 0.20 Mm cm<sup>−3</sup> on the basis of the sun photometer observations. Thus, the vertical CCN and INP number concentration profiles obtained with different parameterization schemes in the presence of various pollution levels were calculated by combining dust extinction coefficients retrieved by lidar and meteorological data observed by sounding balloon observations. The achieved results indicated that the CCN number concentration varied from 10<sup>−2</sup> to 10<sup>2</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup> and decreased from ground level to 12 km with an average value of 36.57 cm<sup>−3</sup> at the 10–12 km height range, while the INP number concentration based on parameterization schemes D10 and D15 mainly varied from 10<sup>−1</sup> to 10<sup>2</sup> L<sup>−1</sup> and from 1 L<sup>−1</sup> to 10<sup>3</sup> L<sup>−1</sup>, with average values of 3.50 L<sup>−1</sup> and 7.80 L<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Moreover, we observed a strong relationship between the INP number concentration of scheme D10 and the wind speed, with an <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> value of 0.72, but a weak relationship between the CCN number concentration and the relative humidity in the boundary layer, with a Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient <i>R<sup>2</sup></i> value of 0.38. The present study provides original and valuable information regarding the CCN and INP number concentrations and their related influencing factors at the center of the Taklimakan Desert and can improve our understanding of the vertical distributions of dust–cloud–atmosphere dynamic interactions, as well as of the roles of dust aerosols in the desert hydrological cycle.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1216Taklimakan desertcloud condensation nuclei (CCN)ice-nucleating particle (INP)extinction-to-volume conversionextinction-to-number conversion factorlidar measurements |
| spellingShingle | Shuang Zhang Zhongwei Huang Khan Alam Meishi Li Qingqing Dong Yongkai Wang Xingtai Shen Jianrong Bi Jiantao Zhang Wuren Li Ze Li Wenbiao Wang Zhengnan Cui Xiaodong Song Derived Profiles of CCN and INP Number Concentrations in the Taklimakan Desert via Combined Polarization Lidar, Sun-Photometer, and Radiosonde Observations Remote Sensing Taklimakan desert cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) ice-nucleating particle (INP) extinction-to-volume conversion extinction-to-number conversion factor lidar measurements |
| title | Derived Profiles of CCN and INP Number Concentrations in the Taklimakan Desert via Combined Polarization Lidar, Sun-Photometer, and Radiosonde Observations |
| title_full | Derived Profiles of CCN and INP Number Concentrations in the Taklimakan Desert via Combined Polarization Lidar, Sun-Photometer, and Radiosonde Observations |
| title_fullStr | Derived Profiles of CCN and INP Number Concentrations in the Taklimakan Desert via Combined Polarization Lidar, Sun-Photometer, and Radiosonde Observations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Derived Profiles of CCN and INP Number Concentrations in the Taklimakan Desert via Combined Polarization Lidar, Sun-Photometer, and Radiosonde Observations |
| title_short | Derived Profiles of CCN and INP Number Concentrations in the Taklimakan Desert via Combined Polarization Lidar, Sun-Photometer, and Radiosonde Observations |
| title_sort | derived profiles of ccn and inp number concentrations in the taklimakan desert via combined polarization lidar sun photometer and radiosonde observations |
| topic | Taklimakan desert cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) ice-nucleating particle (INP) extinction-to-volume conversion extinction-to-number conversion factor lidar measurements |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1216 |
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