Procedure for Calculating the Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Potential (CCPP) in Drinking Water Supply: Importance of Temperature, Ionic Species and Open/Closed System
The calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) precipitation potential (CCPP) can predict the potential for corrosion and lime scaling in drinking water systems. CCPP can be calculated by different standards, but none of these consider all of the conditions in drinking water systems where temp...
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MDPI AG
2020-12-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/1/42 |
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| author | Camilla Tang Berit Godskesen Henrik Aktor Marlies van Rijn John B. Kristensen Per S. Rosshaug Hans-Jørgen Albrechtsen Martin Rygaard |
| author_facet | Camilla Tang Berit Godskesen Henrik Aktor Marlies van Rijn John B. Kristensen Per S. Rosshaug Hans-Jørgen Albrechtsen Martin Rygaard |
| author_sort | Camilla Tang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) precipitation potential (CCPP) can predict the potential for corrosion and lime scaling in drinking water systems. CCPP can be calculated by different standards, but none of these consider all of the conditions in drinking water systems where temperatures can reach 100 °C and the water exchanges CO<sub>2</sub> with the atmosphere. We provided and demonstrated a procedure for CCPP calculations using the open-source software PHREEQC with the phreeqc.dat database at temperatures relevant for drinking water systems (10–90 °C) and for open systems in equilibrium with atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>. CCPP increased by 0.17–1.51 mmol/kg when the temperature was increased from 10 °C to 90 °C and increased by 0.22–2.82 mmol/kg when going from closed to open systems at 10 °C. Thus, CaCO<sub>3</sub> precipitation may be underestimated if CCPP is only considered for the lower sample temperature and for closed systems. On the other hand, CCPP<sub>10</sub> decreased by 0.006–0.173 mmol/kg when including the ionic species from the German DIN 38404-10 standard in addition to calcium, alkalinity and pH, indicating that all relevant ionic species should be included in CCPP calculations. CCPP values should always be reported with the calculation procedure and temperature to avoid inconsistency in literature. |
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| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:43:29Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-56f4d4f7067a4d39810a347a43664c8e2023-11-21T02:50:37ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412020-12-011314210.3390/w13010042Procedure for Calculating the Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Potential (CCPP) in Drinking Water Supply: Importance of Temperature, Ionic Species and Open/Closed SystemCamilla Tang0Berit Godskesen1Henrik Aktor2Marlies van Rijn3John B. Kristensen4Per S. Rosshaug5Hans-Jørgen Albrechtsen6Martin Rygaard7Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, DenmarkDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, DenmarkAA-Water ApS, Engsvinget 34, 2400 Copenhagen NV, DenmarkFormerly Vitens N.V., Oude Veerweg 1, 8019 BE Zwolle, The NetherlandsNIRAS A/S, Sortemosevej 19, 3450 Allerød, DenmarkHOFOR A/S, Ørestads Boulevard 35, 2300 Copenhagen S, DenmarkDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, DenmarkDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, DenmarkThe calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) precipitation potential (CCPP) can predict the potential for corrosion and lime scaling in drinking water systems. CCPP can be calculated by different standards, but none of these consider all of the conditions in drinking water systems where temperatures can reach 100 °C and the water exchanges CO<sub>2</sub> with the atmosphere. We provided and demonstrated a procedure for CCPP calculations using the open-source software PHREEQC with the phreeqc.dat database at temperatures relevant for drinking water systems (10–90 °C) and for open systems in equilibrium with atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>. CCPP increased by 0.17–1.51 mmol/kg when the temperature was increased from 10 °C to 90 °C and increased by 0.22–2.82 mmol/kg when going from closed to open systems at 10 °C. Thus, CaCO<sub>3</sub> precipitation may be underestimated if CCPP is only considered for the lower sample temperature and for closed systems. On the other hand, CCPP<sub>10</sub> decreased by 0.006–0.173 mmol/kg when including the ionic species from the German DIN 38404-10 standard in addition to calcium, alkalinity and pH, indicating that all relevant ionic species should be included in CCPP calculations. CCPP values should always be reported with the calculation procedure and temperature to avoid inconsistency in literature.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/1/42drinking watersofteninglime scalingcorrosionaggressive waterPHREEQC |
| spellingShingle | Camilla Tang Berit Godskesen Henrik Aktor Marlies van Rijn John B. Kristensen Per S. Rosshaug Hans-Jørgen Albrechtsen Martin Rygaard Procedure for Calculating the Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Potential (CCPP) in Drinking Water Supply: Importance of Temperature, Ionic Species and Open/Closed System Water drinking water softening lime scaling corrosion aggressive water PHREEQC |
| title | Procedure for Calculating the Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Potential (CCPP) in Drinking Water Supply: Importance of Temperature, Ionic Species and Open/Closed System |
| title_full | Procedure for Calculating the Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Potential (CCPP) in Drinking Water Supply: Importance of Temperature, Ionic Species and Open/Closed System |
| title_fullStr | Procedure for Calculating the Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Potential (CCPP) in Drinking Water Supply: Importance of Temperature, Ionic Species and Open/Closed System |
| title_full_unstemmed | Procedure for Calculating the Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Potential (CCPP) in Drinking Water Supply: Importance of Temperature, Ionic Species and Open/Closed System |
| title_short | Procedure for Calculating the Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Potential (CCPP) in Drinking Water Supply: Importance of Temperature, Ionic Species and Open/Closed System |
| title_sort | procedure for calculating the calcium carbonate precipitation potential ccpp in drinking water supply importance of temperature ionic species and open closed system |
| topic | drinking water softening lime scaling corrosion aggressive water PHREEQC |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/1/42 |
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