Understanding Mechanisms of RKIP Regulation to Improve the Development of New Diagnostic Tools
One of the most dangerous aspects of cancer cell biology is their ability to grow, spread and form metastases in the main vital organs. The identification of dysregulated markers that drive intracellular signalling involved in the malignant transformation of neoplastic cells and the understanding of...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Cancers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/20/5070 |
| _version_ | 1797474502968344576 |
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| author | Massimo Papale Giuseppe Stefano Netti Giovanni Stallone Elena Ranieri |
| author_facet | Massimo Papale Giuseppe Stefano Netti Giovanni Stallone Elena Ranieri |
| author_sort | Massimo Papale |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | One of the most dangerous aspects of cancer cell biology is their ability to grow, spread and form metastases in the main vital organs. The identification of dysregulated markers that drive intracellular signalling involved in the malignant transformation of neoplastic cells and the understanding of the mechanisms that regulate these processes is undoubtedly a key objective for the development of new and more targeted therapies. RAF-kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is an endogenous tumour suppressor protein that affects tumour cell survival, proliferation, and metastasis. RKIP might serve as an early tumour biomarker since it exhibits significantly different expression levels in various cancer histologies and it is often lost during metastatic progression. In this review, we discuss the specific impact of transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation of expression and activation/inhibition of RKIP and focus on those tumours for which experimental data on all these factors are available. In this way, we could select how these processes cooperate with RKIP expression in (1) Lung cancer; (2) Colon cancer, (3) Breast cancer; (4) myeloid neoplasm and Multiple Myeloma, (5) Melanoma and (6) clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Furthermore, since RKIP seems to be a key marker of the development of several tumours and it may be assessed easily in various biological fluids, here we discuss the potential role of RKIP dosing in more accessible biological matrices other than tissues. Moreover, this objective may intercept the still unmet need to identify new and more accurate markers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of many tumours. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:31:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5703b2b48d5d4798911eaec080cd8b9f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6694 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:31:58Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cancers |
| spelling | doaj.art-5703b2b48d5d4798911eaec080cd8b9f2023-11-23T23:21:27ZengMDPI AGCancers2072-66942022-10-011420507010.3390/cancers14205070Understanding Mechanisms of RKIP Regulation to Improve the Development of New Diagnostic ToolsMassimo Papale0Giuseppe Stefano Netti1Giovanni Stallone2Elena Ranieri3Unit of Clinical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital “Policlinico Foggia”, 71122 Foggia, ItalyUnit of Clinical Pathology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, ItalyUnit of Nephology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Advanced Research Center on Kidney Aging (A.R.K.A.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, ItalyUnit of Clinical Pathology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, ItalyOne of the most dangerous aspects of cancer cell biology is their ability to grow, spread and form metastases in the main vital organs. The identification of dysregulated markers that drive intracellular signalling involved in the malignant transformation of neoplastic cells and the understanding of the mechanisms that regulate these processes is undoubtedly a key objective for the development of new and more targeted therapies. RAF-kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is an endogenous tumour suppressor protein that affects tumour cell survival, proliferation, and metastasis. RKIP might serve as an early tumour biomarker since it exhibits significantly different expression levels in various cancer histologies and it is often lost during metastatic progression. In this review, we discuss the specific impact of transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation of expression and activation/inhibition of RKIP and focus on those tumours for which experimental data on all these factors are available. In this way, we could select how these processes cooperate with RKIP expression in (1) Lung cancer; (2) Colon cancer, (3) Breast cancer; (4) myeloid neoplasm and Multiple Myeloma, (5) Melanoma and (6) clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Furthermore, since RKIP seems to be a key marker of the development of several tumours and it may be assessed easily in various biological fluids, here we discuss the potential role of RKIP dosing in more accessible biological matrices other than tissues. Moreover, this objective may intercept the still unmet need to identify new and more accurate markers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of many tumours.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/20/5070RKIPPhosphoRKIPcancerbiological fluidstissuebiomarkers |
| spellingShingle | Massimo Papale Giuseppe Stefano Netti Giovanni Stallone Elena Ranieri Understanding Mechanisms of RKIP Regulation to Improve the Development of New Diagnostic Tools Cancers RKIP PhosphoRKIP cancer biological fluids tissue biomarkers |
| title | Understanding Mechanisms of RKIP Regulation to Improve the Development of New Diagnostic Tools |
| title_full | Understanding Mechanisms of RKIP Regulation to Improve the Development of New Diagnostic Tools |
| title_fullStr | Understanding Mechanisms of RKIP Regulation to Improve the Development of New Diagnostic Tools |
| title_full_unstemmed | Understanding Mechanisms of RKIP Regulation to Improve the Development of New Diagnostic Tools |
| title_short | Understanding Mechanisms of RKIP Regulation to Improve the Development of New Diagnostic Tools |
| title_sort | understanding mechanisms of rkip regulation to improve the development of new diagnostic tools |
| topic | RKIP PhosphoRKIP cancer biological fluids tissue biomarkers |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/20/5070 |
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