Potential Roles of Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers and a Novel Treatment Approach in Multiple Sclerosis
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of bilayer membrane-wrapped molecules that play an important role in cell-to-cell communication, participating in many physiological processes and in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). In recent years, many...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/16/9011 |
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| author | María Gutiérrez-Fernández Fernando de la Cuesta Antonio Tallón Inmaculada Cuesta Mireya Fernández-Fournier Fernando Laso-García Mari Carmen Gómez-de Frutos Exuperio Díez-Tejedor Laura Otero-Ortega |
| author_facet | María Gutiérrez-Fernández Fernando de la Cuesta Antonio Tallón Inmaculada Cuesta Mireya Fernández-Fournier Fernando Laso-García Mari Carmen Gómez-de Frutos Exuperio Díez-Tejedor Laura Otero-Ortega |
| author_sort | María Gutiérrez-Fernández |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of bilayer membrane-wrapped molecules that play an important role in cell-to-cell communication, participating in many physiological processes and in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). In recent years, many studies have focused on EVs, with promising results indicating their potential role as biomarkers in MS and helping us better understand the pathogenesis of the disease. Recent evidence suggests that there are novel subpopulations of EVs according to cell origin, with those derived from cells belonging to the nervous and immune systems providing information regarding inflammation, demyelination, axonal damage, astrocyte and microglia reaction, blood–brain barrier permeability, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and ultimately synaptic loss and neuronal death in MS. These biomarkers can also provide insight into disease activity and progression and can differentiate patients’ disease phenotype. This information can enable new pathways for therapeutic target discovery, and consequently the development of novel treatments. Recent evidence also suggests that current disease modifying treatments (DMTs) for MS modify the levels and content of circulating EVs. EVs might also serve as biomarkers to help monitor the response to DMTs, which could improve medical decisions concerning DMT initiation, choice, escalation, and withdrawal. Furthermore, EVs could act not only as biomarkers but also as treatment for brain repair and immunomodulation in MS. EVs are considered excellent delivery vehicles. Studies in progress show that EVs containing myelin antigens could play a pivotal role in inducing antigen-specific tolerance of autoreactive T cells as a novel strategy for the treatment as “EV-based vaccines” for MS. This review explores the breakthrough role of nervous and immune system cell-derived EVs as markers of pathological disease mechanisms and potential biomarkers of treatment response in MS. In addition, this review explores the novel role of EVs as vehicles for antigen delivery as a therapeutic vaccine to restore immune tolerance in MS autoimmunity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:43:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-57138851940443538a184e3a779ea889 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:43:49Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-57138851940443538a184e3a779ea8892023-11-22T08:04:04ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-08-012216901110.3390/ijms22169011Potential Roles of Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers and a Novel Treatment Approach in Multiple SclerosisMaría Gutiérrez-Fernández0Fernando de la Cuesta1Antonio Tallón2Inmaculada Cuesta3Mireya Fernández-Fournier4Fernando Laso-García5Mari Carmen Gómez-de Frutos6Exuperio Díez-Tejedor7Laura Otero-Ortega8Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, La Paz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28046 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28046 Madrid, SpainNeurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, La Paz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28046 Madrid, SpainNeurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, La Paz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28046 Madrid, SpainNeurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, La Paz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28046 Madrid, SpainNeurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, La Paz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28046 Madrid, SpainNeurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, La Paz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28046 Madrid, SpainNeurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, La Paz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28046 Madrid, SpainNeurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, La Paz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28046 Madrid, SpainExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of bilayer membrane-wrapped molecules that play an important role in cell-to-cell communication, participating in many physiological processes and in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). In recent years, many studies have focused on EVs, with promising results indicating their potential role as biomarkers in MS and helping us better understand the pathogenesis of the disease. Recent evidence suggests that there are novel subpopulations of EVs according to cell origin, with those derived from cells belonging to the nervous and immune systems providing information regarding inflammation, demyelination, axonal damage, astrocyte and microglia reaction, blood–brain barrier permeability, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and ultimately synaptic loss and neuronal death in MS. These biomarkers can also provide insight into disease activity and progression and can differentiate patients’ disease phenotype. This information can enable new pathways for therapeutic target discovery, and consequently the development of novel treatments. Recent evidence also suggests that current disease modifying treatments (DMTs) for MS modify the levels and content of circulating EVs. EVs might also serve as biomarkers to help monitor the response to DMTs, which could improve medical decisions concerning DMT initiation, choice, escalation, and withdrawal. Furthermore, EVs could act not only as biomarkers but also as treatment for brain repair and immunomodulation in MS. EVs are considered excellent delivery vehicles. Studies in progress show that EVs containing myelin antigens could play a pivotal role in inducing antigen-specific tolerance of autoreactive T cells as a novel strategy for the treatment as “EV-based vaccines” for MS. This review explores the breakthrough role of nervous and immune system cell-derived EVs as markers of pathological disease mechanisms and potential biomarkers of treatment response in MS. In addition, this review explores the novel role of EVs as vehicles for antigen delivery as a therapeutic vaccine to restore immune tolerance in MS autoimmunity.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/16/9011antigen delivery systembiomarkersresponse to treatmentextracellular vesiclesmultiple sclerosisvaccine-like treatment |
| spellingShingle | María Gutiérrez-Fernández Fernando de la Cuesta Antonio Tallón Inmaculada Cuesta Mireya Fernández-Fournier Fernando Laso-García Mari Carmen Gómez-de Frutos Exuperio Díez-Tejedor Laura Otero-Ortega Potential Roles of Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers and a Novel Treatment Approach in Multiple Sclerosis International Journal of Molecular Sciences antigen delivery system biomarkers response to treatment extracellular vesicles multiple sclerosis vaccine-like treatment |
| title | Potential Roles of Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers and a Novel Treatment Approach in Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_full | Potential Roles of Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers and a Novel Treatment Approach in Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_fullStr | Potential Roles of Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers and a Novel Treatment Approach in Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Potential Roles of Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers and a Novel Treatment Approach in Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_short | Potential Roles of Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers and a Novel Treatment Approach in Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_sort | potential roles of extracellular vesicles as biomarkers and a novel treatment approach in multiple sclerosis |
| topic | antigen delivery system biomarkers response to treatment extracellular vesicles multiple sclerosis vaccine-like treatment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/16/9011 |
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