Estradiol and COVID-19: Does 17-Estradiol Have an Immune-Protective Function in Women Against Coronavirus?
Objective: Female sex hormones have a pro-inflammatory effect, which may help to minimize inflammation. Estrogen's immunoregulatory properties play a significant role in the bi-directional neuroendocrine-immune activity in females. As a result, sex hormones can play a role in men's high mo...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Tehran University of Medical Sciences
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Journal of Family and Reproductive Health |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/1787 |
| _version_ | 1818405118815502336 |
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| author | Farideh Zafari Zangeneh Maryam Sarmast Shoushtari |
| author_facet | Farideh Zafari Zangeneh Maryam Sarmast Shoushtari |
| author_sort | Farideh Zafari Zangeneh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objective: Female sex hormones have a pro-inflammatory effect, which may help to minimize inflammation. Estrogen's immunoregulatory properties play a significant role in the bi-directional neuroendocrine-immune activity in females. As a result, sex hormones can play a role in men's high mortality rate from coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19). It is aimed to clarify the role of 17-estradiol (E2) in the battle against COVID-19.
Materials and methods: Until April 2021, a study on PubMed was performed. COVID-19, 17-estradiol (E2), immunoregulatory properties, pregnancy, menopausal symptoms, hormonal therapy,
ER/ expression on immune cells, and mortality were some of the concepts used in the search.
Results: Regulation of pro-inflammatory immune processes against COVID-19 appears to be associated with increased immune function (pro-inflammatory), anti-inflammatory regulation, and antiviral defense. Women with a severe coronavirus infection had higher serum IgG antibody levels than men, and their IgG production was faster in the early stages of infection. 17-estradiol (E2) levels of blood will increase by
100-fold during pregnancy. COVID-19 in pregnant women had a 15-fold lower mortality rate than other women. While menopause replacement therapy (MRT) for pre/post-menopausal women and its effectiveness in reducing COVID-19 infection is debatable.
Conclusion: MRT may be considered as a viable treatment option for pre/post-menopause women with coronavirus, referring to the fact that sex hormones reduce inflammatory responses and modulate
ACE2 expression. The task's difficulty and achieving the desired outcome seem to be challenging. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T08:50:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5713a00dfc084b7992d82e25209983e2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1735-8949 1735-9392 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T08:50:58Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | Tehran University of Medical Sciences |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Family and Reproductive Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-5713a00dfc084b7992d82e25209983e22022-12-21T23:09:03ZengTehran University of Medical SciencesJournal of Family and Reproductive Health1735-89491735-93922021-09-0115310.18502/jfrh.v15i3.7132Estradiol and COVID-19: Does 17-Estradiol Have an Immune-Protective Function in Women Against Coronavirus?Farideh Zafari Zangeneh0Maryam Sarmast Shoushtari1Vali-e-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranChemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Malaysia Putra university, Selangor, MalaysiaObjective: Female sex hormones have a pro-inflammatory effect, which may help to minimize inflammation. Estrogen's immunoregulatory properties play a significant role in the bi-directional neuroendocrine-immune activity in females. As a result, sex hormones can play a role in men's high mortality rate from coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19). It is aimed to clarify the role of 17-estradiol (E2) in the battle against COVID-19. Materials and methods: Until April 2021, a study on PubMed was performed. COVID-19, 17-estradiol (E2), immunoregulatory properties, pregnancy, menopausal symptoms, hormonal therapy, ER/ expression on immune cells, and mortality were some of the concepts used in the search. Results: Regulation of pro-inflammatory immune processes against COVID-19 appears to be associated with increased immune function (pro-inflammatory), anti-inflammatory regulation, and antiviral defense. Women with a severe coronavirus infection had higher serum IgG antibody levels than men, and their IgG production was faster in the early stages of infection. 17-estradiol (E2) levels of blood will increase by 100-fold during pregnancy. COVID-19 in pregnant women had a 15-fold lower mortality rate than other women. While menopause replacement therapy (MRT) for pre/post-menopausal women and its effectiveness in reducing COVID-19 infection is debatable. Conclusion: MRT may be considered as a viable treatment option for pre/post-menopause women with coronavirus, referring to the fact that sex hormones reduce inflammatory responses and modulate ACE2 expression. The task's difficulty and achieving the desired outcome seem to be challenging.https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/1787EstradiolEstrogen Receptor AlphaCoronavirusHormone Replacement Therapy |
| spellingShingle | Farideh Zafari Zangeneh Maryam Sarmast Shoushtari Estradiol and COVID-19: Does 17-Estradiol Have an Immune-Protective Function in Women Against Coronavirus? Journal of Family and Reproductive Health Estradiol Estrogen Receptor Alpha Coronavirus Hormone Replacement Therapy |
| title | Estradiol and COVID-19: Does 17-Estradiol Have an Immune-Protective Function in Women Against Coronavirus? |
| title_full | Estradiol and COVID-19: Does 17-Estradiol Have an Immune-Protective Function in Women Against Coronavirus? |
| title_fullStr | Estradiol and COVID-19: Does 17-Estradiol Have an Immune-Protective Function in Women Against Coronavirus? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Estradiol and COVID-19: Does 17-Estradiol Have an Immune-Protective Function in Women Against Coronavirus? |
| title_short | Estradiol and COVID-19: Does 17-Estradiol Have an Immune-Protective Function in Women Against Coronavirus? |
| title_sort | estradiol and covid 19 does 17 estradiol have an immune protective function in women against coronavirus |
| topic | Estradiol Estrogen Receptor Alpha Coronavirus Hormone Replacement Therapy |
| url | https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/1787 |
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