CELLULAR AND POPULATION PLASTICITY OF HELPER CD4 T CELL RESPONSES
Vertebrates are constantly exposed to pathogens, and the adaptive immunity has most likely evolved to control and clear such infectious agents. CD4 T cells are the major players in the adaptive immune response to pathogens. Following recognition of pathogen-derived antigens naïve CD4 T cell...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2013-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Physiology |
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| Online Access: | http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fphys.2013.00206/full |
| _version_ | 1818539095858610176 |
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| author | Gesham eMagombedze Pradeep B. J. Reddy Shigetoshi eEda Vitaly V. Ganusov |
| author_facet | Gesham eMagombedze Pradeep B. J. Reddy Shigetoshi eEda Vitaly V. Ganusov |
| author_sort | Gesham eMagombedze |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Vertebrates are constantly exposed to pathogens, and the adaptive immunity has most likely evolved to control and clear such infectious agents. CD4 T cells are the major players in the adaptive immune response to pathogens. Following recognition of pathogen-derived antigens naïve CD4 T cells differentiate into effectors which then control pathogen replication either directly by killing pathogen-infected cells or by assisting with generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes or pathogen-specific antibodies. Pathogen-specific effector CD4 T cells are highly heterogeneous in terms of cytokines they produce. Three major subtypes of effector CD4 T cells have been identified: T-helper 1 (Th1) cells producing IFN-g and TNF-α, Th2 cells producing IL-4 and IL-10, and Th17 cells producing IL-17. How this heterogeneity is maintained and what regulates changes in effector T cell composition during chronic infections remains poorly understood. In this review we discuss recent advances in our understanding of CD4 T cell differentiation in response to microbial infections. We propose that a change in the phenotype of pathogen-specific effector CD4 T cells during chronic infections, for example, from Th1 to Th2 response as observed in Mycobacteriumavium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection of ruminants, can be achieved by conversion of T cells from one effector subset to another (cellular plasticity) or due to differences in kinetics (differentiation, proliferation, death) of different effector T cell subsets (population plasticity). We also shortly review mathematical models aimed at describing CD4 T cell differentiation and outline areas for future experimental and theoretical research. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T21:37:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-576f2a79a9654e9fb200856c18768da5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-042X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T21:37:32Z |
| publishDate | 2013-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Physiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-576f2a79a9654e9fb200856c18768da52022-12-22T00:49:57ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Physiology1664-042X2013-08-01410.3389/fphys.2013.0020656979CELLULAR AND POPULATION PLASTICITY OF HELPER CD4 T CELL RESPONSESGesham eMagombedze0Pradeep B. J. Reddy1Shigetoshi eEda2Vitaly V. Ganusov3National Institute for Mathematical and Biological SynthesisUniversity of TennesseeUniversity of TennesseeUniversity of TennesseeVertebrates are constantly exposed to pathogens, and the adaptive immunity has most likely evolved to control and clear such infectious agents. CD4 T cells are the major players in the adaptive immune response to pathogens. Following recognition of pathogen-derived antigens naïve CD4 T cells differentiate into effectors which then control pathogen replication either directly by killing pathogen-infected cells or by assisting with generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes or pathogen-specific antibodies. Pathogen-specific effector CD4 T cells are highly heterogeneous in terms of cytokines they produce. Three major subtypes of effector CD4 T cells have been identified: T-helper 1 (Th1) cells producing IFN-g and TNF-α, Th2 cells producing IL-4 and IL-10, and Th17 cells producing IL-17. How this heterogeneity is maintained and what regulates changes in effector T cell composition during chronic infections remains poorly understood. In this review we discuss recent advances in our understanding of CD4 T cell differentiation in response to microbial infections. We propose that a change in the phenotype of pathogen-specific effector CD4 T cells during chronic infections, for example, from Th1 to Th2 response as observed in Mycobacteriumavium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection of ruminants, can be achieved by conversion of T cells from one effector subset to another (cellular plasticity) or due to differences in kinetics (differentiation, proliferation, death) of different effector T cell subsets (population plasticity). We also shortly review mathematical models aimed at describing CD4 T cell differentiation and outline areas for future experimental and theoretical research.http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fphys.2013.00206/fullplasticityCD4+ T cellsdifferentiationmathematical modelingjohnes disease |
| spellingShingle | Gesham eMagombedze Pradeep B. J. Reddy Shigetoshi eEda Vitaly V. Ganusov CELLULAR AND POPULATION PLASTICITY OF HELPER CD4 T CELL RESPONSES Frontiers in Physiology plasticity CD4+ T cells differentiation mathematical modeling johnes disease |
| title | CELLULAR AND POPULATION PLASTICITY OF HELPER CD4 T CELL RESPONSES |
| title_full | CELLULAR AND POPULATION PLASTICITY OF HELPER CD4 T CELL RESPONSES |
| title_fullStr | CELLULAR AND POPULATION PLASTICITY OF HELPER CD4 T CELL RESPONSES |
| title_full_unstemmed | CELLULAR AND POPULATION PLASTICITY OF HELPER CD4 T CELL RESPONSES |
| title_short | CELLULAR AND POPULATION PLASTICITY OF HELPER CD4 T CELL RESPONSES |
| title_sort | cellular and population plasticity of helper cd4 t cell responses |
| topic | plasticity CD4+ T cells differentiation mathematical modeling johnes disease |
| url | http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fphys.2013.00206/full |
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