Development and Experimental Validation of Novel Thevenin-Based Hysteretic Models for Li-Po Battery Packs Employed in Fixed-Wing UAVs
Lithium batteries employed in lightweight fixed-wing UAVs are required to operate with large temperature variations and, especially for the emerging applications in hybrid propulsion systems, with relevant transient loads. The detailed dynamic modelling of battery packs is thus of paramount importan...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/23/9249 |
| _version_ | 1797463207786315776 |
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| author | Aleksander Suti Gianpietro Di Rito Giuseppe Mattei |
| author_facet | Aleksander Suti Gianpietro Di Rito Giuseppe Mattei |
| author_sort | Aleksander Suti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lithium batteries employed in lightweight fixed-wing UAVs are required to operate with large temperature variations and, especially for the emerging applications in hybrid propulsion systems, with relevant transient loads. The detailed dynamic modelling of battery packs is thus of paramount importance to verify the feasibility of innovative hybrid systems, as well as to support the design of battery management systems for safety/reliability enhancement. This paper deals with the development of a generalised approach for the dynamic modelling of battery packs via Thevenin circuits with modular hysteretic elements (open circuit voltage, internal resistance, RC grids). The model takes into account the parameters’ dependency on the state of charge, temperature, and both the amplitude and sign of the current load. As a relevant case study, the modelling approach is here applied to the Li-Po battery pack (1850 mAh, 6 cells, 22.2 V) employed in the lightweight fixed-wing UAV Rapier X-25 developed by Sky Eye Systems (Cascina, Italy). The procedure for parameter identification with experimental measurements, obtained at different temperatures and current loads, is firstly presented, and then the battery model is verified by simulating an entire Hybrid Pulse Power Characterisation test campaign. Finally, the model is used to evaluate the battery performance within the altitude (i.e., temperature) envelope of the reference UAV. The experiments demonstrate the relevant hysteretic behaviour of the characteristic relaxation times, and this phenomenon is here modelled by inserting Bouc–Wen hysteresis models on RC grid capacitances. The maximum relative error in the terminal output voltage of the battery is smaller than 1% for any value of state of charge greater than 10%. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:47:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-578c4786b1724e498b09894cc2b04ac3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:47:25Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-578c4786b1724e498b09894cc2b04ac32023-11-24T10:57:49ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732022-12-011523924910.3390/en15239249Development and Experimental Validation of Novel Thevenin-Based Hysteretic Models for Li-Po Battery Packs Employed in Fixed-Wing UAVsAleksander Suti0Gianpietro Di Rito1Giuseppe Mattei2Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, ItalyR&D Propulsion Team, Sky Eye Systems s.r.l., Via Grecia 52, 56021 Cascina, ItalyLithium batteries employed in lightweight fixed-wing UAVs are required to operate with large temperature variations and, especially for the emerging applications in hybrid propulsion systems, with relevant transient loads. The detailed dynamic modelling of battery packs is thus of paramount importance to verify the feasibility of innovative hybrid systems, as well as to support the design of battery management systems for safety/reliability enhancement. This paper deals with the development of a generalised approach for the dynamic modelling of battery packs via Thevenin circuits with modular hysteretic elements (open circuit voltage, internal resistance, RC grids). The model takes into account the parameters’ dependency on the state of charge, temperature, and both the amplitude and sign of the current load. As a relevant case study, the modelling approach is here applied to the Li-Po battery pack (1850 mAh, 6 cells, 22.2 V) employed in the lightweight fixed-wing UAV Rapier X-25 developed by Sky Eye Systems (Cascina, Italy). The procedure for parameter identification with experimental measurements, obtained at different temperatures and current loads, is firstly presented, and then the battery model is verified by simulating an entire Hybrid Pulse Power Characterisation test campaign. Finally, the model is used to evaluate the battery performance within the altitude (i.e., temperature) envelope of the reference UAV. The experiments demonstrate the relevant hysteretic behaviour of the characteristic relaxation times, and this phenomenon is here modelled by inserting Bouc–Wen hysteresis models on RC grid capacitances. The maximum relative error in the terminal output voltage of the battery is smaller than 1% for any value of state of charge greater than 10%.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/23/9249modellingsimulationtestingLi-Po batteryhysteresisfixed-wing UAV |
| spellingShingle | Aleksander Suti Gianpietro Di Rito Giuseppe Mattei Development and Experimental Validation of Novel Thevenin-Based Hysteretic Models for Li-Po Battery Packs Employed in Fixed-Wing UAVs Energies modelling simulation testing Li-Po battery hysteresis fixed-wing UAV |
| title | Development and Experimental Validation of Novel Thevenin-Based Hysteretic Models for Li-Po Battery Packs Employed in Fixed-Wing UAVs |
| title_full | Development and Experimental Validation of Novel Thevenin-Based Hysteretic Models for Li-Po Battery Packs Employed in Fixed-Wing UAVs |
| title_fullStr | Development and Experimental Validation of Novel Thevenin-Based Hysteretic Models for Li-Po Battery Packs Employed in Fixed-Wing UAVs |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development and Experimental Validation of Novel Thevenin-Based Hysteretic Models for Li-Po Battery Packs Employed in Fixed-Wing UAVs |
| title_short | Development and Experimental Validation of Novel Thevenin-Based Hysteretic Models for Li-Po Battery Packs Employed in Fixed-Wing UAVs |
| title_sort | development and experimental validation of novel thevenin based hysteretic models for li po battery packs employed in fixed wing uavs |
| topic | modelling simulation testing Li-Po battery hysteresis fixed-wing UAV |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/23/9249 |
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