The Occurrence of <i>Apiognomonia hystrix</i> and Its Pathogenicity towards <i>Acer pseudoplatanus</i> and <i>Fraxinus excelsior</i> under Field Conditions
<i>Apiognomonia hystrix</i> is an ascomycetous fungus within Diaporthales that is found on maples and to a lesser extent on other hardwood trees in Europe, Northern America and Asia. To date, varying opinions on the species’ status as a cause of plant diseases have been expressed. In thi...
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MDPI AG
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| author | Tadeusz Kowalski Piotr Bilański Bartłomiej Grad |
| author_facet | Tadeusz Kowalski Piotr Bilański Bartłomiej Grad |
| author_sort | Tadeusz Kowalski |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Apiognomonia hystrix</i> is an ascomycetous fungus within Diaporthales that is found on maples and to a lesser extent on other hardwood trees in Europe, Northern America and Asia. To date, varying opinions on the species’ status as a cause of plant diseases have been expressed. In this study, we present the results of analyses conducted from 2012–2017 at forest sites in Poland on the occurrence of <i>A. hystrix</i> on <i>Acer pseudoplatanus</i> and <i>Fraxinus excelsior</i> and the pathogenicity of this fungus towards both tree species. For the sycamore leaves, <i>A. hystrix</i> conidiomata were detected in connection with 19.2% of galls caused by <i>Dasineura vitrina</i>, 20.4% of galls caused by <i>Drisina glutinosa</i> and 67.9% of extensive vein-associated necroses. The <i>A. hystrix</i> colonization of galls caused by both midge species resulted in statistically significantly larger necroses. On European ash leaves, conidiomata of <i>A. hystrix</i> occurred in connection with 0.8% of <i>Dasineura fraxinea</i> galls. Perithecia of <i>A. hystrix</i> were detected on overwintered leaf petioles in 8.1% of <i>A. pseudoplatanus</i> and 1.2% of <i>F. excelsior</i> samples. Twelve representative cultures were characterized molecularly by barcoding three marker genes (ITS, ACT, CAL). Results of phylogenetic analyses indicate that <i>A. hystrix</i> isolates are genetically variable, and three lineages are distinguishable. Eight isolates, including four originating from sycamore and four from European ash, were used to determine <i>A. hystrix</i> pathogenicity. Among the 48 <i>A. pseudoplatanus</i> petioles inoculated with <i>A. hystrix</i>, 41 developed necrotic lesions after 8 weeks, with the average necrosis length caused by particular isolates ranging from 14.5 to 67.2 mm. None of the 48 inoculated <i>F. excelsior</i> petioles developed necrotic lesions. Finally, selected aspects of <i>A. hystrix</i> morphology on natural substrates and in vitro are discussed in this paper, as well as the species’ potential to cause disease symptoms. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:28:40Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-57973b0bc71248b2a96619da218553132023-11-23T13:46:44ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072021-12-011313510.3390/f13010035The Occurrence of <i>Apiognomonia hystrix</i> and Its Pathogenicity towards <i>Acer pseudoplatanus</i> and <i>Fraxinus excelsior</i> under Field ConditionsTadeusz Kowalski0Piotr Bilański1Bartłomiej Grad2Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, PolandDepartment of Forest Ecosystems Protection, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, PolandDepartment of Forest Ecosystems Protection, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, Poland<i>Apiognomonia hystrix</i> is an ascomycetous fungus within Diaporthales that is found on maples and to a lesser extent on other hardwood trees in Europe, Northern America and Asia. To date, varying opinions on the species’ status as a cause of plant diseases have been expressed. In this study, we present the results of analyses conducted from 2012–2017 at forest sites in Poland on the occurrence of <i>A. hystrix</i> on <i>Acer pseudoplatanus</i> and <i>Fraxinus excelsior</i> and the pathogenicity of this fungus towards both tree species. For the sycamore leaves, <i>A. hystrix</i> conidiomata were detected in connection with 19.2% of galls caused by <i>Dasineura vitrina</i>, 20.4% of galls caused by <i>Drisina glutinosa</i> and 67.9% of extensive vein-associated necroses. The <i>A. hystrix</i> colonization of galls caused by both midge species resulted in statistically significantly larger necroses. On European ash leaves, conidiomata of <i>A. hystrix</i> occurred in connection with 0.8% of <i>Dasineura fraxinea</i> galls. Perithecia of <i>A. hystrix</i> were detected on overwintered leaf petioles in 8.1% of <i>A. pseudoplatanus</i> and 1.2% of <i>F. excelsior</i> samples. Twelve representative cultures were characterized molecularly by barcoding three marker genes (ITS, ACT, CAL). Results of phylogenetic analyses indicate that <i>A. hystrix</i> isolates are genetically variable, and three lineages are distinguishable. Eight isolates, including four originating from sycamore and four from European ash, were used to determine <i>A. hystrix</i> pathogenicity. Among the 48 <i>A. pseudoplatanus</i> petioles inoculated with <i>A. hystrix</i>, 41 developed necrotic lesions after 8 weeks, with the average necrosis length caused by particular isolates ranging from 14.5 to 67.2 mm. None of the 48 inoculated <i>F. excelsior</i> petioles developed necrotic lesions. Finally, selected aspects of <i>A. hystrix</i> morphology on natural substrates and in vitro are discussed in this paper, as well as the species’ potential to cause disease symptoms.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/1/35Gnomoniaceaedisease symptomsanthracnoseash diebackgall midges |
| spellingShingle | Tadeusz Kowalski Piotr Bilański Bartłomiej Grad The Occurrence of <i>Apiognomonia hystrix</i> and Its Pathogenicity towards <i>Acer pseudoplatanus</i> and <i>Fraxinus excelsior</i> under Field Conditions Forests Gnomoniaceae disease symptoms anthracnose ash dieback gall midges |
| title | The Occurrence of <i>Apiognomonia hystrix</i> and Its Pathogenicity towards <i>Acer pseudoplatanus</i> and <i>Fraxinus excelsior</i> under Field Conditions |
| title_full | The Occurrence of <i>Apiognomonia hystrix</i> and Its Pathogenicity towards <i>Acer pseudoplatanus</i> and <i>Fraxinus excelsior</i> under Field Conditions |
| title_fullStr | The Occurrence of <i>Apiognomonia hystrix</i> and Its Pathogenicity towards <i>Acer pseudoplatanus</i> and <i>Fraxinus excelsior</i> under Field Conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Occurrence of <i>Apiognomonia hystrix</i> and Its Pathogenicity towards <i>Acer pseudoplatanus</i> and <i>Fraxinus excelsior</i> under Field Conditions |
| title_short | The Occurrence of <i>Apiognomonia hystrix</i> and Its Pathogenicity towards <i>Acer pseudoplatanus</i> and <i>Fraxinus excelsior</i> under Field Conditions |
| title_sort | occurrence of i apiognomonia hystrix i and its pathogenicity towards i acer pseudoplatanus i and i fraxinus excelsior i under field conditions |
| topic | Gnomoniaceae disease symptoms anthracnose ash dieback gall midges |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/1/35 |
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