Fungal–Metal Interactions: A Review of Toxicity and Homeostasis
Metal nanoparticles used as antifungals have increased the occurrence of fungal–metal interactions. However, there is a lack of knowledge about how these interactions cause genomic and physiological changes, which can produce fungal superbugs. Despite interest in these interactions, there is limited...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/3/225 |
| _version_ | 1827697340376416256 |
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| author | Janelle R. Robinson Omoanghe S. Isikhuemhen Felicia N. Anike |
| author_facet | Janelle R. Robinson Omoanghe S. Isikhuemhen Felicia N. Anike |
| author_sort | Janelle R. Robinson |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Metal nanoparticles used as antifungals have increased the occurrence of fungal–metal interactions. However, there is a lack of knowledge about how these interactions cause genomic and physiological changes, which can produce fungal superbugs. Despite interest in these interactions, there is limited understanding of resistance mechanisms in most fungi studied until now. We highlight the current knowledge of fungal homeostasis of zinc, copper, iron, manganese, and silver to comprehensively examine associated mechanisms of resistance. Such mechanisms have been widely studied in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, but limited reports exist in filamentous fungi, though they are frequently the subject of nanoparticle biosynthesis and targets of antifungal metals. In most cases, microarray analyses uncovered resistance mechanisms as a response to metal exposure. In yeast, metal resistance is mainly due to the down-regulation of metal ion importers, utilization of metallothionein and metallothionein-like structures, and ion sequestration to the vacuole. In contrast, metal resistance in filamentous fungi heavily relies upon cellular ion export. However, there are instances of resistance that utilized vacuole sequestration, ion metallothionein, and chelator binding, deleting a metal ion importer, and ion storage in hyphal cell walls. In general, resistance to zinc, copper, iron, and manganese is extensively reported in yeast and partially known in filamentous fungi; and silver resistance lacks comprehensive understanding in both. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:06:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-579d8a279ca14113ac2147b44175ac3d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:06:43Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Fungi |
| spelling | doaj.art-579d8a279ca14113ac2147b44175ac3d2023-11-21T11:04:33ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2021-03-017322510.3390/jof7030225Fungal–Metal Interactions: A Review of Toxicity and HomeostasisJanelle R. Robinson0Omoanghe S. Isikhuemhen1Felicia N. Anike2Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USADepartment of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USADepartment of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USAMetal nanoparticles used as antifungals have increased the occurrence of fungal–metal interactions. However, there is a lack of knowledge about how these interactions cause genomic and physiological changes, which can produce fungal superbugs. Despite interest in these interactions, there is limited understanding of resistance mechanisms in most fungi studied until now. We highlight the current knowledge of fungal homeostasis of zinc, copper, iron, manganese, and silver to comprehensively examine associated mechanisms of resistance. Such mechanisms have been widely studied in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, but limited reports exist in filamentous fungi, though they are frequently the subject of nanoparticle biosynthesis and targets of antifungal metals. In most cases, microarray analyses uncovered resistance mechanisms as a response to metal exposure. In yeast, metal resistance is mainly due to the down-regulation of metal ion importers, utilization of metallothionein and metallothionein-like structures, and ion sequestration to the vacuole. In contrast, metal resistance in filamentous fungi heavily relies upon cellular ion export. However, there are instances of resistance that utilized vacuole sequestration, ion metallothionein, and chelator binding, deleting a metal ion importer, and ion storage in hyphal cell walls. In general, resistance to zinc, copper, iron, and manganese is extensively reported in yeast and partially known in filamentous fungi; and silver resistance lacks comprehensive understanding in both.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/3/225resistancehomeostasistoxicitynanoparticlesfungal–metal interaction |
| spellingShingle | Janelle R. Robinson Omoanghe S. Isikhuemhen Felicia N. Anike Fungal–Metal Interactions: A Review of Toxicity and Homeostasis Journal of Fungi resistance homeostasis toxicity nanoparticles fungal–metal interaction |
| title | Fungal–Metal Interactions: A Review of Toxicity and Homeostasis |
| title_full | Fungal–Metal Interactions: A Review of Toxicity and Homeostasis |
| title_fullStr | Fungal–Metal Interactions: A Review of Toxicity and Homeostasis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fungal–Metal Interactions: A Review of Toxicity and Homeostasis |
| title_short | Fungal–Metal Interactions: A Review of Toxicity and Homeostasis |
| title_sort | fungal metal interactions a review of toxicity and homeostasis |
| topic | resistance homeostasis toxicity nanoparticles fungal–metal interaction |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/3/225 |
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