Bioactivity Profiles on 15 Different Effect Mechanisms for 15 Golden Root Products via High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography, Planar Assays, and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
Planar chromatography has recently been combined with six different effect-directed assays for three golden root (<i>Rhodiola rosea</i> L.) samples. However, the profiles obtained showed an intense tailing, making zone differentiation impossible. The profiling was therefore improved to a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/4/1535 |
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| author | Hanna Nikolaichuk Irena M. Choma Gertrud E. Morlock |
| author_facet | Hanna Nikolaichuk Irena M. Choma Gertrud E. Morlock |
| author_sort | Hanna Nikolaichuk |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Planar chromatography has recently been combined with six different effect-directed assays for three golden root (<i>Rhodiola rosea</i> L.) samples. However, the profiles obtained showed an intense tailing, making zone differentiation impossible. The profiling was therefore improved to allow for the detection of individual bioactive compounds, and the range of samples was extended to 15 commercial golden root products. Further effect-directed assays were studied providing information on 15 different effect mechanisms, i.e., (1) tyrosinase, (2) acetylcholinesterase, (3) butyrylcholinesterase, (4) β-glucuronidase, and (5) α-amylase inhibition, as well as endocrine activity via the triplex planar yeast antagonist-verified (6–8) estrogen or (9–11) androgen screen, (12) genotoxicity via the planar SOS-Umu-C bioassay, antimicrobial activity against (13) Gram-negative <i>Aliivibrio fischeri</i> and (14) Gram-positive <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> bacteria, and (15) antioxidative activity (DPPH• radical scavengers). Most of the golden root profiles obtained were characteristic, but some samples differed substantially. The United States Pharmacopeia reference product showed medium activity in most of the assays. The six most active compound zones were further characterized using high-resolution mass spectrometry, and the mass signals obtained were tentatively assigned to molecular formulae. In addition to confirming the known activities, this study is the first to report that golden root constituents inhibit butyrylcholinesterase (rosin was tentatively assigned), β-glucuronidase (rosavin, rosarin, rosiridin, viridoside, and salidroside were tentatively assigned), and α-amylase (stearic acid and palmitic acid were tentatively assigned) and that they are genotoxic (hydroquinone was tentatively assigned) and are both agonistic and antagonistic endocrine active. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:22:04Z |
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| id | doaj.art-57a021199fd84b03a47e282732a0ee05 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:22:04Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-57a021199fd84b03a47e282732a0ee052023-11-16T22:19:50ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-02-01284153510.3390/molecules28041535Bioactivity Profiles on 15 Different Effect Mechanisms for 15 Golden Root Products via High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography, Planar Assays, and High-Resolution Mass SpectrometryHanna Nikolaichuk0Irena M. Choma1Gertrud E. Morlock2Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, GermanyDepartment of Chromatography, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20031 Lublin, PolandChair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, GermanyPlanar chromatography has recently been combined with six different effect-directed assays for three golden root (<i>Rhodiola rosea</i> L.) samples. However, the profiles obtained showed an intense tailing, making zone differentiation impossible. The profiling was therefore improved to allow for the detection of individual bioactive compounds, and the range of samples was extended to 15 commercial golden root products. Further effect-directed assays were studied providing information on 15 different effect mechanisms, i.e., (1) tyrosinase, (2) acetylcholinesterase, (3) butyrylcholinesterase, (4) β-glucuronidase, and (5) α-amylase inhibition, as well as endocrine activity via the triplex planar yeast antagonist-verified (6–8) estrogen or (9–11) androgen screen, (12) genotoxicity via the planar SOS-Umu-C bioassay, antimicrobial activity against (13) Gram-negative <i>Aliivibrio fischeri</i> and (14) Gram-positive <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> bacteria, and (15) antioxidative activity (DPPH• radical scavengers). Most of the golden root profiles obtained were characteristic, but some samples differed substantially. The United States Pharmacopeia reference product showed medium activity in most of the assays. The six most active compound zones were further characterized using high-resolution mass spectrometry, and the mass signals obtained were tentatively assigned to molecular formulae. In addition to confirming the known activities, this study is the first to report that golden root constituents inhibit butyrylcholinesterase (rosin was tentatively assigned), β-glucuronidase (rosavin, rosarin, rosiridin, viridoside, and salidroside were tentatively assigned), and α-amylase (stearic acid and palmitic acid were tentatively assigned) and that they are genotoxic (hydroquinone was tentatively assigned) and are both agonistic and antagonistic endocrine active.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/4/1535<i>Rhodiola rosea</i>antibacterialantimicrobialenzyme inhibitorantioxidantgenotoxin |
| spellingShingle | Hanna Nikolaichuk Irena M. Choma Gertrud E. Morlock Bioactivity Profiles on 15 Different Effect Mechanisms for 15 Golden Root Products via High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography, Planar Assays, and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Molecules <i>Rhodiola rosea</i> antibacterial antimicrobial enzyme inhibitor antioxidant genotoxin |
| title | Bioactivity Profiles on 15 Different Effect Mechanisms for 15 Golden Root Products via High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography, Planar Assays, and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry |
| title_full | Bioactivity Profiles on 15 Different Effect Mechanisms for 15 Golden Root Products via High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography, Planar Assays, and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry |
| title_fullStr | Bioactivity Profiles on 15 Different Effect Mechanisms for 15 Golden Root Products via High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography, Planar Assays, and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bioactivity Profiles on 15 Different Effect Mechanisms for 15 Golden Root Products via High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography, Planar Assays, and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry |
| title_short | Bioactivity Profiles on 15 Different Effect Mechanisms for 15 Golden Root Products via High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography, Planar Assays, and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry |
| title_sort | bioactivity profiles on 15 different effect mechanisms for 15 golden root products via high performance thin layer chromatography planar assays and high resolution mass spectrometry |
| topic | <i>Rhodiola rosea</i> antibacterial antimicrobial enzyme inhibitor antioxidant genotoxin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/4/1535 |
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