Iron: Not Just a Passive Bystander in AITD
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is the most prevalent autoimmune disease all over the world and the most frequent cause of hypothyroidism in areas of iodine sufficiency. The pathogenesis of AITD is multifactorial and depends on complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors, with e...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/21/4682 |
| _version_ | 1797466886500253696 |
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| author | Michał Szklarz Katarzyna Gontarz-Nowak Wojciech Matuszewski Elżbieta Bandurska-Stankiewicz |
| author_facet | Michał Szklarz Katarzyna Gontarz-Nowak Wojciech Matuszewski Elżbieta Bandurska-Stankiewicz |
| author_sort | Michał Szklarz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is the most prevalent autoimmune disease all over the world and the most frequent cause of hypothyroidism in areas of iodine sufficiency. The pathogenesis of AITD is multifactorial and depends on complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors, with epigenetics being the crucial link. Iron deficiency (ID) can reduce the activities of thyroid peroxidase and 5′-deiodinase, inhibit binding of triiodothyronine to its nuclear receptor, and cause slower utilization of T3 from the serum pool. Moreover, ID can disturb the functioning of the immune system, increasing the risk of autoimmune disorders. ID can be responsible for residual symptoms that may persist in patients with AITD, even if their thyrometabolic status has been controlled. The human lifestyle in the 21st century is inevitably associated with exposure to chemical compounds, pathogens, and stress, which implies an increased risk of autoimmune disorders and thyroid dysfunction. To summarize, in our paper we discuss how iron deficiency can impair the functions of the immune system, cause epigenetic changes in human DNA, and potentiate tissue damage by chemicals acting as thyroid disruptors. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:45:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-57a870f6385d4d248d4883c5873c3cb5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:45:56Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-57a870f6385d4d248d4883c5873c3cb52023-11-24T06:15:34ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432022-11-011421468210.3390/nu14214682Iron: Not Just a Passive Bystander in AITDMichał Szklarz0Katarzyna Gontarz-Nowak1Wojciech Matuszewski2Elżbieta Bandurska-Stankiewicz3Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957 Olsztyn, PolandClinic of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957 Olsztyn, PolandClinic of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957 Olsztyn, PolandClinic of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957 Olsztyn, PolandAutoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is the most prevalent autoimmune disease all over the world and the most frequent cause of hypothyroidism in areas of iodine sufficiency. The pathogenesis of AITD is multifactorial and depends on complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors, with epigenetics being the crucial link. Iron deficiency (ID) can reduce the activities of thyroid peroxidase and 5′-deiodinase, inhibit binding of triiodothyronine to its nuclear receptor, and cause slower utilization of T3 from the serum pool. Moreover, ID can disturb the functioning of the immune system, increasing the risk of autoimmune disorders. ID can be responsible for residual symptoms that may persist in patients with AITD, even if their thyrometabolic status has been controlled. The human lifestyle in the 21st century is inevitably associated with exposure to chemical compounds, pathogens, and stress, which implies an increased risk of autoimmune disorders and thyroid dysfunction. To summarize, in our paper we discuss how iron deficiency can impair the functions of the immune system, cause epigenetic changes in human DNA, and potentiate tissue damage by chemicals acting as thyroid disruptors.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/21/4682AITDthyroidiron deficiency |
| spellingShingle | Michał Szklarz Katarzyna Gontarz-Nowak Wojciech Matuszewski Elżbieta Bandurska-Stankiewicz Iron: Not Just a Passive Bystander in AITD Nutrients AITD thyroid iron deficiency |
| title | Iron: Not Just a Passive Bystander in AITD |
| title_full | Iron: Not Just a Passive Bystander in AITD |
| title_fullStr | Iron: Not Just a Passive Bystander in AITD |
| title_full_unstemmed | Iron: Not Just a Passive Bystander in AITD |
| title_short | Iron: Not Just a Passive Bystander in AITD |
| title_sort | iron not just a passive bystander in aitd |
| topic | AITD thyroid iron deficiency |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/21/4682 |
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