Osteoporosis: Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics
Osteoporosis is a major public health concern affecting millions of people worldwide and resulting in significant economic costs. The condition is characterized by changes in bone homeostasis, which lead to reduced bone mass, impaired bone quality, and an increased risk of fractures. The pathophysio...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/19/14583 |
| _version_ | 1797575810033385472 |
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| author | Babapelumi Adejuyigbe Julie Kallini Daniel Chiou Jennifer R. Kallini |
| author_facet | Babapelumi Adejuyigbe Julie Kallini Daniel Chiou Jennifer R. Kallini |
| author_sort | Babapelumi Adejuyigbe |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Osteoporosis is a major public health concern affecting millions of people worldwide and resulting in significant economic costs. The condition is characterized by changes in bone homeostasis, which lead to reduced bone mass, impaired bone quality, and an increased risk of fractures. The pathophysiology of osteoporosis is complex and multifactorial, involving imbalances in hormones, cytokines, and growth factors. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying osteoporosis is essential for appropriate diagnosis and management of the condition. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the normal cellular and molecular mechanisms of bone homeostasis, followed by an in-depth discussion of the proposed pathophysiology of osteoporosis through the osteoimmunological, gut microbiome, and cellular senescence models. Furthermore, the diagnostic tools used to assess osteoporosis, including bone mineral density measurements, biochemical markers of bone turnover, and diagnostic imaging modalities, are also discussed. Finally, both the current pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment algorithms and management options for osteoporosis, including an exploration of the management of osteoporotic fragility fractures, are highlighted. This review reveals the need for further research to fully elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the condition and to develop more effective therapeutic strategies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:43:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-57cb276c4b944e3da055a93e1fd43800 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:43:37Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-57cb276c4b944e3da055a93e1fd438002023-11-19T14:28:39ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-09-0124191458310.3390/ijms241914583Osteoporosis: Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and TherapeuticsBabapelumi Adejuyigbe0Julie Kallini1Daniel Chiou2Jennifer R. Kallini3David Geffen School of Medicine, The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USADepartment of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USADepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USADepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USAOsteoporosis is a major public health concern affecting millions of people worldwide and resulting in significant economic costs. The condition is characterized by changes in bone homeostasis, which lead to reduced bone mass, impaired bone quality, and an increased risk of fractures. The pathophysiology of osteoporosis is complex and multifactorial, involving imbalances in hormones, cytokines, and growth factors. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying osteoporosis is essential for appropriate diagnosis and management of the condition. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the normal cellular and molecular mechanisms of bone homeostasis, followed by an in-depth discussion of the proposed pathophysiology of osteoporosis through the osteoimmunological, gut microbiome, and cellular senescence models. Furthermore, the diagnostic tools used to assess osteoporosis, including bone mineral density measurements, biochemical markers of bone turnover, and diagnostic imaging modalities, are also discussed. Finally, both the current pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment algorithms and management options for osteoporosis, including an exploration of the management of osteoporotic fragility fractures, are highlighted. This review reveals the need for further research to fully elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the condition and to develop more effective therapeutic strategies.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/19/14583osteoporosispathophysiologymodelshormonescytokineshormones |
| spellingShingle | Babapelumi Adejuyigbe Julie Kallini Daniel Chiou Jennifer R. Kallini Osteoporosis: Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics International Journal of Molecular Sciences osteoporosis pathophysiology models hormones cytokines hormones |
| title | Osteoporosis: Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics |
| title_full | Osteoporosis: Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics |
| title_fullStr | Osteoporosis: Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Osteoporosis: Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics |
| title_short | Osteoporosis: Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics |
| title_sort | osteoporosis molecular pathology diagnostics and therapeutics |
| topic | osteoporosis pathophysiology models hormones cytokines hormones |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/19/14583 |
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