Social Isolation: How Can the Effects on the Cholinergic System Be Isolated?
Social species form organizations that support individuals because the consequent social behaviors help these organisms survive. The isolation of these individuals may be a stressor. We reviewed the potential mechanisms of the effects of social isolation on cholinergic signaling and vice versa how c...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Pharmacology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.716460/full |
| _version_ | 1818571028262027264 |
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| author | Jaromir Myslivecek |
| author_facet | Jaromir Myslivecek |
| author_sort | Jaromir Myslivecek |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Social species form organizations that support individuals because the consequent social behaviors help these organisms survive. The isolation of these individuals may be a stressor. We reviewed the potential mechanisms of the effects of social isolation on cholinergic signaling and vice versa how changes in cholinergic signaling affect changes due to social isolation.There are two important problems regarding this topic. First, isolation schemes differ in their duration (1–165 days) and initiation (immediately after birth to adulthood). Second, there is an important problem that is generally not considered when studying the role of the cholinergic system in neurobehavioral correlates: muscarinic and nicotinic receptor subtypes do not differ sufficiently in their affinity for orthosteric site agonists and antagonists. Some potential cholinesterase inhibitors also affect other targets, such as receptors or other neurotransmitter systems. Therefore, the role of the cholinergic system in social isolation should be carefully considered, and multiple receptor systems may be involved in the central nervous system response, although some subtypes are involved in specific functions. To determine the role of a specific receptor subtype, the presence of a specific subtype in the central nervous system should be determined using search in knockout studies with the careful application of specific agonists/antagonists. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T13:50:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-57e3cde087914f93ad036e324672d0f2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1663-9812 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T13:50:07Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Pharmacology |
| spelling | doaj.art-57e3cde087914f93ad036e324672d0f22022-12-21T22:59:09ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Pharmacology1663-98122021-11-011210.3389/fphar.2021.716460716460Social Isolation: How Can the Effects on the Cholinergic System Be Isolated?Jaromir MyslivecekSocial species form organizations that support individuals because the consequent social behaviors help these organisms survive. The isolation of these individuals may be a stressor. We reviewed the potential mechanisms of the effects of social isolation on cholinergic signaling and vice versa how changes in cholinergic signaling affect changes due to social isolation.There are two important problems regarding this topic. First, isolation schemes differ in their duration (1–165 days) and initiation (immediately after birth to adulthood). Second, there is an important problem that is generally not considered when studying the role of the cholinergic system in neurobehavioral correlates: muscarinic and nicotinic receptor subtypes do not differ sufficiently in their affinity for orthosteric site agonists and antagonists. Some potential cholinesterase inhibitors also affect other targets, such as receptors or other neurotransmitter systems. Therefore, the role of the cholinergic system in social isolation should be carefully considered, and multiple receptor systems may be involved in the central nervous system response, although some subtypes are involved in specific functions. To determine the role of a specific receptor subtype, the presence of a specific subtype in the central nervous system should be determined using search in knockout studies with the careful application of specific agonists/antagonists.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.716460/fullsocial stresssocial isolationnicotinic receptorsmuscarinic receptorscholinergic signalinginteractome |
| spellingShingle | Jaromir Myslivecek Social Isolation: How Can the Effects on the Cholinergic System Be Isolated? Frontiers in Pharmacology social stress social isolation nicotinic receptors muscarinic receptors cholinergic signaling interactome |
| title | Social Isolation: How Can the Effects on the Cholinergic System Be Isolated? |
| title_full | Social Isolation: How Can the Effects on the Cholinergic System Be Isolated? |
| title_fullStr | Social Isolation: How Can the Effects on the Cholinergic System Be Isolated? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Social Isolation: How Can the Effects on the Cholinergic System Be Isolated? |
| title_short | Social Isolation: How Can the Effects on the Cholinergic System Be Isolated? |
| title_sort | social isolation how can the effects on the cholinergic system be isolated |
| topic | social stress social isolation nicotinic receptors muscarinic receptors cholinergic signaling interactome |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.716460/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jaromirmyslivecek socialisolationhowcantheeffectsonthecholinergicsystembeisolated |