The impact of HIV infection on tuberculosis transmission in a country with low tuberculosis incidence: a national retrospective study using molecular epidemiology
Abstract Background HIV is known to increase the likelihood of reactivation of latent tuberculosis to active TB disease; however, its impact on tuberculosis infectiousness and consequent transmission is unclear, particularly in low-incidence settings. Methods National surveillance data from England,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2020-12-01
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| Series: | BMC Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01849-7 |
| _version_ | 1819058145039745024 |
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| author | Joanne R. Winter Colette J. Smith Jennifer A. Davidson Maeve K. Lalor Valerie Delpech Ibrahim Abubakar Helen R. Stagg |
| author_facet | Joanne R. Winter Colette J. Smith Jennifer A. Davidson Maeve K. Lalor Valerie Delpech Ibrahim Abubakar Helen R. Stagg |
| author_sort | Joanne R. Winter |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background HIV is known to increase the likelihood of reactivation of latent tuberculosis to active TB disease; however, its impact on tuberculosis infectiousness and consequent transmission is unclear, particularly in low-incidence settings. Methods National surveillance data from England, Wales and Northern Ireland on tuberculosis cases in adults from 2010 to 2014, strain typed using 24-locus mycobacterial-interspersed-repetitive-units–variable-number-tandem-repeats was used retrospectively to identify clusters of tuberculosis cases, subdivided into ‘first’ and ‘subsequent’ cases. Firstly, we used zero-inflated Poisson regression models to examine the association between HIV status and the number of subsequent clustered cases (a surrogate for tuberculosis infectiousness) in a strain type cluster. Secondly, we used logistic regression to examine the association between HIV status and the likelihood of being a subsequent case in a cluster (a surrogate for recent acquisition of tuberculosis infection) compared to the first case or a non-clustered case (a surrogate for reactivation of latent infection). Results We included 18,864 strain-typed cases, 2238 were the first cases of clusters and 8471 were subsequent cases. Seven hundred and fifty-nine (4%) were HIV-positive. Outcome 1: HIV-positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases who were the first in a cluster had fewer subsequent cases associated with them (mean 0.6, multivariable incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.75 [0.65–0.86]) than those HIV-negative (mean 1.1). Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) cases with HIV were less likely to be the first case in a cluster compared to HIV-negative EPTB cases. EPTB cases who were the first case had a higher mean number of subsequent cases (mean 2.5, IRR (3.62 [3.12–4.19]) than those HIV-negative (mean 0.6). Outcome 2: tuberculosis cases with HIV co-infection were less likely to be a subsequent case in a cluster (odds ratio 0.82 [0.69–0.98]), compared to being the first or a non-clustered case. Conclusions Outcome 1: pulmonary tuberculosis-HIV patients were less infectious than those without HIV. EPTB patients with HIV who were the first case in a cluster had a higher number of subsequent cases and thus may be markers of other undetected cases, discoverable by contact investigations. Outcome 2: tuberculosis in HIV-positive individuals was more likely due to reactivation than recent infection, compared to those who were HIV-negative. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T13:50:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-57f67139a9794c46a5a9eb5819375010 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1741-7015 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T13:50:32Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | BMC Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-57f67139a9794c46a5a9eb58193750102022-12-21T19:01:42ZengBMCBMC Medicine1741-70152020-12-0118111510.1186/s12916-020-01849-7The impact of HIV infection on tuberculosis transmission in a country with low tuberculosis incidence: a national retrospective study using molecular epidemiologyJoanne R. Winter0Colette J. Smith1Jennifer A. Davidson2Maeve K. Lalor3Valerie Delpech4Ibrahim Abubakar5Helen R. Stagg6Institute for Global Health, University College LondonInstitute for Global Health, University College LondonTuberculosis Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health EnglandTuberculosis Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health EnglandHIV Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health EnglandInstitute for Global Health, University College LondonInstitute for Global Health, University College LondonAbstract Background HIV is known to increase the likelihood of reactivation of latent tuberculosis to active TB disease; however, its impact on tuberculosis infectiousness and consequent transmission is unclear, particularly in low-incidence settings. Methods National surveillance data from England, Wales and Northern Ireland on tuberculosis cases in adults from 2010 to 2014, strain typed using 24-locus mycobacterial-interspersed-repetitive-units–variable-number-tandem-repeats was used retrospectively to identify clusters of tuberculosis cases, subdivided into ‘first’ and ‘subsequent’ cases. Firstly, we used zero-inflated Poisson regression models to examine the association between HIV status and the number of subsequent clustered cases (a surrogate for tuberculosis infectiousness) in a strain type cluster. Secondly, we used logistic regression to examine the association between HIV status and the likelihood of being a subsequent case in a cluster (a surrogate for recent acquisition of tuberculosis infection) compared to the first case or a non-clustered case (a surrogate for reactivation of latent infection). Results We included 18,864 strain-typed cases, 2238 were the first cases of clusters and 8471 were subsequent cases. Seven hundred and fifty-nine (4%) were HIV-positive. Outcome 1: HIV-positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases who were the first in a cluster had fewer subsequent cases associated with them (mean 0.6, multivariable incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.75 [0.65–0.86]) than those HIV-negative (mean 1.1). Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) cases with HIV were less likely to be the first case in a cluster compared to HIV-negative EPTB cases. EPTB cases who were the first case had a higher mean number of subsequent cases (mean 2.5, IRR (3.62 [3.12–4.19]) than those HIV-negative (mean 0.6). Outcome 2: tuberculosis cases with HIV co-infection were less likely to be a subsequent case in a cluster (odds ratio 0.82 [0.69–0.98]), compared to being the first or a non-clustered case. Conclusions Outcome 1: pulmonary tuberculosis-HIV patients were less infectious than those without HIV. EPTB patients with HIV who were the first case in a cluster had a higher number of subsequent cases and thus may be markers of other undetected cases, discoverable by contact investigations. Outcome 2: tuberculosis in HIV-positive individuals was more likely due to reactivation than recent infection, compared to those who were HIV-negative.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01849-7TuberculosisHIVCo-infectionTransmissionMIRU-VNTR |
| spellingShingle | Joanne R. Winter Colette J. Smith Jennifer A. Davidson Maeve K. Lalor Valerie Delpech Ibrahim Abubakar Helen R. Stagg The impact of HIV infection on tuberculosis transmission in a country with low tuberculosis incidence: a national retrospective study using molecular epidemiology BMC Medicine Tuberculosis HIV Co-infection Transmission MIRU-VNTR |
| title | The impact of HIV infection on tuberculosis transmission in a country with low tuberculosis incidence: a national retrospective study using molecular epidemiology |
| title_full | The impact of HIV infection on tuberculosis transmission in a country with low tuberculosis incidence: a national retrospective study using molecular epidemiology |
| title_fullStr | The impact of HIV infection on tuberculosis transmission in a country with low tuberculosis incidence: a national retrospective study using molecular epidemiology |
| title_full_unstemmed | The impact of HIV infection on tuberculosis transmission in a country with low tuberculosis incidence: a national retrospective study using molecular epidemiology |
| title_short | The impact of HIV infection on tuberculosis transmission in a country with low tuberculosis incidence: a national retrospective study using molecular epidemiology |
| title_sort | impact of hiv infection on tuberculosis transmission in a country with low tuberculosis incidence a national retrospective study using molecular epidemiology |
| topic | Tuberculosis HIV Co-infection Transmission MIRU-VNTR |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01849-7 |
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