Effects of Heating, Pelleting, and Feed Matrix on Apparent Concentrations of Cereal Ergot Alkaloids in Relation to Growth Performance and Welfare Parameters of Backgrounding Beef Steers
As the contamination of cereal grains with ergot has been increasing in Western Canada, studies were undertaken to evaluate the impacts of heating (60, 80, 120, or 190 °C) alone or in combination with pelleting on concentrations of ergot alkaloids. Fifteen samples of ergot-contaminated grain from Al...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/9/580 |
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| author | Kim Stanford Karen S. Schwartzkopf-Genswein Daniela M. Meléndez Skyler Ngo Michael Harding Tim A. McAllister Dian Schatzmayr Mary Lou Swift Barry Blakley Gabriel O. Ribeiro |
| author_facet | Kim Stanford Karen S. Schwartzkopf-Genswein Daniela M. Meléndez Skyler Ngo Michael Harding Tim A. McAllister Dian Schatzmayr Mary Lou Swift Barry Blakley Gabriel O. Ribeiro |
| author_sort | Kim Stanford |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As the contamination of cereal grains with ergot has been increasing in Western Canada, studies were undertaken to evaluate the impacts of heating (60, 80, 120, or 190 °C) alone or in combination with pelleting on concentrations of ergot alkaloids. Fifteen samples of ergot-contaminated grain from Alberta and Saskatchewan were assayed for <i>R</i> and <i>S</i> epimers of six alkaloids (ergocryptine, ergocristine, ergocornine, ergometrine, ergosine, and ergotamine) using HPLC MS/MS. Five samples with distinct alkaloid profiles were then selected for heating and pelleting studies. Heating resulted in a linear increase (<i>p</i> < 0.05) of total <i>R</i> and total <i>S</i> epimers with increasing temperature, although some individual <i>R</i> epimers were stable (ergometrine, ergosine, ergotamine). Pelleting also increased (<i>p</i> < 0.05) concentrations of total <i>R</i> and total <i>S</i> epimers detected, although ergometrine concentration decreased (<i>p</i> < 0.05) after pelleting. A feeding study arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial structure used 48 backgrounding Angus-cross steers fed four different diets: (1) Control Mash (CM, no added ergot), (2) Control Pellet (CP), (3) Ergot Mash (EM), or (4) Ergot Pellet (EP). Pelleting heated the ergot to 90–100 °C under 4 bars pressure, but the ergot used in the feeding study was not otherwise heated. Alkaloid concentrations of EM and EP varied by up to 1.1 mg/kg depending on the feed matrix assayed. No differences among treatments were noted for growth performance, feed intake, feed conversion, concentrations of serum prolactin and haptoglobin, hair cortisol, or in temperatures of extremities measured by infrared thermography. The only negative impacts of ergot alkaloids were on blood parameters indicative of reduced immune function or chronic inflammation. Pelleting did not heighten the negative clinical outcomes of ergot, although alkaloid concentrations of pelleted feed increased depending on the matrix assayed. It was hypothesized that the heat and pressure associated with pelleting may enhance the recovery of alkaloids from pelleted feed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:20:07Z |
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| id | doaj.art-5814f972a1b748338b717ee2f175a6d1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:20:07Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
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| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-5814f972a1b748338b717ee2f175a6d12023-11-23T19:16:09ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512022-08-0114958010.3390/toxins14090580Effects of Heating, Pelleting, and Feed Matrix on Apparent Concentrations of Cereal Ergot Alkaloids in Relation to Growth Performance and Welfare Parameters of Backgrounding Beef SteersKim Stanford0Karen S. Schwartzkopf-Genswein1Daniela M. Meléndez2Skyler Ngo3Michael Harding4Tim A. McAllister5Dian Schatzmayr6Mary Lou Swift7Barry Blakley8Gabriel O. Ribeiro9Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, CanadaAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research and Development Center, 5401-1st Ave. S. Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, CanadaAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research and Development Center, 5401-1st Ave. S. Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, CanadaDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, CanadaAlberta Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Economic Development, Crop Diversification Center South, Brooks, AB T1R 1E6, CanadaAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research and Development Center, 5401-1st Ave. S. Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, CanadaDSM–BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, AustriaDepartment of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, CanadaDepartment of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, CanadaDepartment of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, CanadaAs the contamination of cereal grains with ergot has been increasing in Western Canada, studies were undertaken to evaluate the impacts of heating (60, 80, 120, or 190 °C) alone or in combination with pelleting on concentrations of ergot alkaloids. Fifteen samples of ergot-contaminated grain from Alberta and Saskatchewan were assayed for <i>R</i> and <i>S</i> epimers of six alkaloids (ergocryptine, ergocristine, ergocornine, ergometrine, ergosine, and ergotamine) using HPLC MS/MS. Five samples with distinct alkaloid profiles were then selected for heating and pelleting studies. Heating resulted in a linear increase (<i>p</i> < 0.05) of total <i>R</i> and total <i>S</i> epimers with increasing temperature, although some individual <i>R</i> epimers were stable (ergometrine, ergosine, ergotamine). Pelleting also increased (<i>p</i> < 0.05) concentrations of total <i>R</i> and total <i>S</i> epimers detected, although ergometrine concentration decreased (<i>p</i> < 0.05) after pelleting. A feeding study arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial structure used 48 backgrounding Angus-cross steers fed four different diets: (1) Control Mash (CM, no added ergot), (2) Control Pellet (CP), (3) Ergot Mash (EM), or (4) Ergot Pellet (EP). Pelleting heated the ergot to 90–100 °C under 4 bars pressure, but the ergot used in the feeding study was not otherwise heated. Alkaloid concentrations of EM and EP varied by up to 1.1 mg/kg depending on the feed matrix assayed. No differences among treatments were noted for growth performance, feed intake, feed conversion, concentrations of serum prolactin and haptoglobin, hair cortisol, or in temperatures of extremities measured by infrared thermography. The only negative impacts of ergot alkaloids were on blood parameters indicative of reduced immune function or chronic inflammation. Pelleting did not heighten the negative clinical outcomes of ergot, although alkaloid concentrations of pelleted feed increased depending on the matrix assayed. It was hypothesized that the heat and pressure associated with pelleting may enhance the recovery of alkaloids from pelleted feed.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/9/580ergotergot alkaloidscattlefeed processingpelletwelfare |
| spellingShingle | Kim Stanford Karen S. Schwartzkopf-Genswein Daniela M. Meléndez Skyler Ngo Michael Harding Tim A. McAllister Dian Schatzmayr Mary Lou Swift Barry Blakley Gabriel O. Ribeiro Effects of Heating, Pelleting, and Feed Matrix on Apparent Concentrations of Cereal Ergot Alkaloids in Relation to Growth Performance and Welfare Parameters of Backgrounding Beef Steers Toxins ergot ergot alkaloids cattle feed processing pellet welfare |
| title | Effects of Heating, Pelleting, and Feed Matrix on Apparent Concentrations of Cereal Ergot Alkaloids in Relation to Growth Performance and Welfare Parameters of Backgrounding Beef Steers |
| title_full | Effects of Heating, Pelleting, and Feed Matrix on Apparent Concentrations of Cereal Ergot Alkaloids in Relation to Growth Performance and Welfare Parameters of Backgrounding Beef Steers |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Heating, Pelleting, and Feed Matrix on Apparent Concentrations of Cereal Ergot Alkaloids in Relation to Growth Performance and Welfare Parameters of Backgrounding Beef Steers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Heating, Pelleting, and Feed Matrix on Apparent Concentrations of Cereal Ergot Alkaloids in Relation to Growth Performance and Welfare Parameters of Backgrounding Beef Steers |
| title_short | Effects of Heating, Pelleting, and Feed Matrix on Apparent Concentrations of Cereal Ergot Alkaloids in Relation to Growth Performance and Welfare Parameters of Backgrounding Beef Steers |
| title_sort | effects of heating pelleting and feed matrix on apparent concentrations of cereal ergot alkaloids in relation to growth performance and welfare parameters of backgrounding beef steers |
| topic | ergot ergot alkaloids cattle feed processing pellet welfare |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/9/580 |
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