<em>Parthenium hysterophorus</em>’s Endophytes: The Second Layer of Defense against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses
<i>Parthenium hysterophorus</i> L. is considered an obnoxious weed due to its rapid dispersal, fast multiplications, and agricultural and health hazards. In addition to its physio-molecular and phytotoxic allelochemical usage, this weed most probably uses endophytic flora as an additiona...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/11/2217 |
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| author | Asif Khan Sajid Ali Murtaza Khan Muhammad Hamayun Yong-Sun Moon |
| author_facet | Asif Khan Sajid Ali Murtaza Khan Muhammad Hamayun Yong-Sun Moon |
| author_sort | Asif Khan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Parthenium hysterophorus</i> L. is considered an obnoxious weed due to its rapid dispersal, fast multiplications, and agricultural and health hazards. In addition to its physio-molecular and phytotoxic allelochemical usage, this weed most probably uses endophytic flora as an additional line of defense to deal with stressful conditions and tolerate both biotic and abiotic stresses. The aim of this article is to report the diversity of endophytic flora (fungi and bacteria) in <i>P. hysterophorus</i> and their role in the stress mitigation (biotic and abiotic) of other important crops. Various endophytes were reported from <i>P. hysterophorus</i> and their roles in crops evaluated under biotic and abiotic stressed conditions. These endophytes have the potential to alleviate different stresses by improving crops/plants growth, development, biomass, and photosynthetic and other physiological traits. The beneficial role of the endophytes may be attributed to stress-modulating enzymes such as the antioxidants SOD, POD and APX and ACC deaminases. Additionally, the higher production of different classes of bioactive secondary metabolites, i.e., flavonoids, proline, and glutathione may also overcome tissue damage to plants under stressed conditions. Interestingly, a number of medicinally important phytochemicals such as anhydropseudo-phlegmcin-9, 10-quinone-3-amino-8-O methyl ether ‘anhydropseudophlegmacin-9, 10-quinone-3-amino-8-O methyl ether were reported from the endophytic flora of <i>P. hysterophorus</i>. Moreover, various reports revealed that fungal and bacterial endophytes of <i>P. hysterophorus</i> enhance plant growth-promoting attributes and could be added to the consortium of biofertilizers. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:48:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-58281f284dbd44e4ae1b38d053d2a11b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:48:50Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-58281f284dbd44e4ae1b38d053d2a11b2023-11-24T05:57:37ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072022-11-011011221710.3390/microorganisms10112217<em>Parthenium hysterophorus</em>’s Endophytes: The Second Layer of Defense against Biotic and Abiotic StressesAsif Khan0Sajid Ali1Murtaza Khan2Muhammad Hamayun3Yong-Sun Moon4Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, BrazilDepartment of Horticulture and Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, KoreaDepartment of Horticulture and Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, KoreaDepartment of Botany, Garden Campus, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, PakistanDepartment of Horticulture and Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea<i>Parthenium hysterophorus</i> L. is considered an obnoxious weed due to its rapid dispersal, fast multiplications, and agricultural and health hazards. In addition to its physio-molecular and phytotoxic allelochemical usage, this weed most probably uses endophytic flora as an additional line of defense to deal with stressful conditions and tolerate both biotic and abiotic stresses. The aim of this article is to report the diversity of endophytic flora (fungi and bacteria) in <i>P. hysterophorus</i> and their role in the stress mitigation (biotic and abiotic) of other important crops. Various endophytes were reported from <i>P. hysterophorus</i> and their roles in crops evaluated under biotic and abiotic stressed conditions. These endophytes have the potential to alleviate different stresses by improving crops/plants growth, development, biomass, and photosynthetic and other physiological traits. The beneficial role of the endophytes may be attributed to stress-modulating enzymes such as the antioxidants SOD, POD and APX and ACC deaminases. Additionally, the higher production of different classes of bioactive secondary metabolites, i.e., flavonoids, proline, and glutathione may also overcome tissue damage to plants under stressed conditions. Interestingly, a number of medicinally important phytochemicals such as anhydropseudo-phlegmcin-9, 10-quinone-3-amino-8-O methyl ether ‘anhydropseudophlegmacin-9, 10-quinone-3-amino-8-O methyl ether were reported from the endophytic flora of <i>P. hysterophorus</i>. Moreover, various reports revealed that fungal and bacterial endophytes of <i>P. hysterophorus</i> enhance plant growth-promoting attributes and could be added to the consortium of biofertilizers.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/11/2217endophytes<i>Parthenium</i>stressesphytochemicalsinvasive weedscrops |
| spellingShingle | Asif Khan Sajid Ali Murtaza Khan Muhammad Hamayun Yong-Sun Moon <em>Parthenium hysterophorus</em>’s Endophytes: The Second Layer of Defense against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses Microorganisms endophytes <i>Parthenium</i> stresses phytochemicals invasive weeds crops |
| title | <em>Parthenium hysterophorus</em>’s Endophytes: The Second Layer of Defense against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses |
| title_full | <em>Parthenium hysterophorus</em>’s Endophytes: The Second Layer of Defense against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses |
| title_fullStr | <em>Parthenium hysterophorus</em>’s Endophytes: The Second Layer of Defense against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses |
| title_full_unstemmed | <em>Parthenium hysterophorus</em>’s Endophytes: The Second Layer of Defense against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses |
| title_short | <em>Parthenium hysterophorus</em>’s Endophytes: The Second Layer of Defense against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses |
| title_sort | em parthenium hysterophorus em s endophytes the second layer of defense against biotic and abiotic stresses |
| topic | endophytes <i>Parthenium</i> stresses phytochemicals invasive weeds crops |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/11/2217 |
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