Verbal Fluency in Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) or otherwise insulin resistance (IR) is described as a cluster of several commonly occurring disorders, including abdominal obesity; lipids disorders, such as hypertriglyceridemia; and low levels of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), hypertension (≥130/85 mmHg),...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Brain Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/2/255 |
| _version_ | 1797482138245791744 |
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| author | Marcin Gierach Anna Rasmus Edyta Orłowska |
| author_facet | Marcin Gierach Anna Rasmus Edyta Orłowska |
| author_sort | Marcin Gierach |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Metabolic syndrome (MetS) or otherwise insulin resistance (IR) is described as a cluster of several commonly occurring disorders, including abdominal obesity; lipids disorders, such as hypertriglyceridemia; and low levels of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), hypertension (≥130/85 mmHg), and carbohydrates disorders, such as impaired fasting glucose or diabetes mellitus type 2. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) constitutes insulin resistance, which is a strong risk factor for strokes. Patients with MetS are often prone to cognitive decline. Metabolic risk factors, hypertension, and diabetes, amongst them, have been hypothesized to play a great role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the development of vascular dementia. For neuropsychological diagnostic and theoretical purposes verbal fluency is defined as a cognitive function that facilitates information retrieval from memory. It engages executive control and other cognitive processes, such as selective attention, selective inhibition, mental set shifting, internal response generation, and self-monitoring, as well as imagination and psychomotor skills. A total of 90 subjects, divided into 2 groups, patients with MetS (45) and healthy controls (45), were assessed. A significant difference in performance was found between the patients and controls, both in the phonetic (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and semantic fluency trials (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The MetS patients produced less words in the letter K and animal categories. The analysis of descriptive statistics shows that the group of patients with metabolic syndrome generated fewer words in both the phonetic and semantic categories. Our study shows that there is an association between metabolic factors and the verbal fluency performance of MetS patients. This is true, especially for phonetic verbal fluency, which is traditionally connected with the frontal cortex. Lower switching signifies possible executive dysfunctions amongst people with MetS. Subjects with this condition generated more diverse words and created less standard associations. This further implies the existence of dysexecutive syndrome and the need for diagnosing patients in this direction and involving this group of people in therapy. The proper correction of MetS components may improve cognitive function. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:26:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-585c0258ec8942a8b398b5d1e48c582d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3425 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:26:57Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Brain Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-585c0258ec8942a8b398b5d1e48c582d2023-11-23T19:04:01ZengMDPI AGBrain Sciences2076-34252022-02-0112225510.3390/brainsci12020255Verbal Fluency in Metabolic SyndromeMarcin Gierach0Anna Rasmus1Edyta Orłowska2Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Skłodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, PolandFaculty of Psychology, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, PolandInstitute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, 80-952 Gdańsk, PolandMetabolic syndrome (MetS) or otherwise insulin resistance (IR) is described as a cluster of several commonly occurring disorders, including abdominal obesity; lipids disorders, such as hypertriglyceridemia; and low levels of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), hypertension (≥130/85 mmHg), and carbohydrates disorders, such as impaired fasting glucose or diabetes mellitus type 2. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) constitutes insulin resistance, which is a strong risk factor for strokes. Patients with MetS are often prone to cognitive decline. Metabolic risk factors, hypertension, and diabetes, amongst them, have been hypothesized to play a great role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the development of vascular dementia. For neuropsychological diagnostic and theoretical purposes verbal fluency is defined as a cognitive function that facilitates information retrieval from memory. It engages executive control and other cognitive processes, such as selective attention, selective inhibition, mental set shifting, internal response generation, and self-monitoring, as well as imagination and psychomotor skills. A total of 90 subjects, divided into 2 groups, patients with MetS (45) and healthy controls (45), were assessed. A significant difference in performance was found between the patients and controls, both in the phonetic (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and semantic fluency trials (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The MetS patients produced less words in the letter K and animal categories. The analysis of descriptive statistics shows that the group of patients with metabolic syndrome generated fewer words in both the phonetic and semantic categories. Our study shows that there is an association between metabolic factors and the verbal fluency performance of MetS patients. This is true, especially for phonetic verbal fluency, which is traditionally connected with the frontal cortex. Lower switching signifies possible executive dysfunctions amongst people with MetS. Subjects with this condition generated more diverse words and created less standard associations. This further implies the existence of dysexecutive syndrome and the need for diagnosing patients in this direction and involving this group of people in therapy. The proper correction of MetS components may improve cognitive function.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/2/255metabolic syndromeinsulin resistanceobesityverbal fluency |
| spellingShingle | Marcin Gierach Anna Rasmus Edyta Orłowska Verbal Fluency in Metabolic Syndrome Brain Sciences metabolic syndrome insulin resistance obesity verbal fluency |
| title | Verbal Fluency in Metabolic Syndrome |
| title_full | Verbal Fluency in Metabolic Syndrome |
| title_fullStr | Verbal Fluency in Metabolic Syndrome |
| title_full_unstemmed | Verbal Fluency in Metabolic Syndrome |
| title_short | Verbal Fluency in Metabolic Syndrome |
| title_sort | verbal fluency in metabolic syndrome |
| topic | metabolic syndrome insulin resistance obesity verbal fluency |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/2/255 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT marcingierach verbalfluencyinmetabolicsyndrome AT annarasmus verbalfluencyinmetabolicsyndrome AT edytaorłowska verbalfluencyinmetabolicsyndrome |