Effector-Memory B-Lymphocytes and Follicular Helper T-Lymphocytes as Central Players in the Immune Response in Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated Populations against SARS-CoV-2
Vaccines have been recognized as having a central role in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic; however, most vaccine development research is focused on IgG-induced antibodies. Here, we analyzed the generation of IgGs related to SARS-CoV-2 and the changes in B- and T-lymphocyte proportions following va...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/10/1761 |
| _version_ | 1827647745979056128 |
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| author | Lorenzo Islas-Vazquez Marisa Cruz-Aguilar Henry Velazquez-Soto Aida Jiménez-Corona Sonia Mayra Pérez-Tapia Maria C. Jimenez-Martinez |
| author_facet | Lorenzo Islas-Vazquez Marisa Cruz-Aguilar Henry Velazquez-Soto Aida Jiménez-Corona Sonia Mayra Pérez-Tapia Maria C. Jimenez-Martinez |
| author_sort | Lorenzo Islas-Vazquez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Vaccines have been recognized as having a central role in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic; however, most vaccine development research is focused on IgG-induced antibodies. Here, we analyzed the generation of IgGs related to SARS-CoV-2 and the changes in B- and T-lymphocyte proportions following vaccination against COVID-19. We included samples from 69 volunteers inoculated with the Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2), Astra Zeneca (AZD1222 Covishield), or Sputnik V (Gam-COVID-Vac) vaccines. IgGs related to SARS-CoV-2 increased after the first vaccine dose compared with the nonvaccinated group (Pfizer, <i>p</i> = 0.0001; Astra Zeneca, <i>p</i> < 0.0001; Sputnik V, <i>p</i> = 0.0089). The results of the flow cytometry analysis of B- and T-lymphocytes showed a higher proportion of effector-memory B-lymphocytes in both first and second doses when compared with the nonvaccinated subjects. FcRL4+ cells were increased in second-dose-vaccinated COVID-19(−) and recovered COVID-19(+) participants when compared with the nonvaccinated participants. COVID-19(−) participants showed a lower proportion of follicular helper T-lymphocytes (TFH) in the second dose when compared with the first-vaccine-dose and nonvaccinated subjects. In conclusion, after the first vaccine dose, immunization against SARS-CoV-2 induces IgG production, and this could be mediated by TFH and effector-memory B-lymphocytes. Our data can be used in the design of vaccine schedules to evaluate immuno-bridging from a cellular point of view. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:23:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-58c570cf1d6247fd922bbf05c0f8d3b1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:23:54Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-58c570cf1d6247fd922bbf05c0f8d3b12023-11-24T03:05:37ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2022-10-011010176110.3390/vaccines10101761Effector-Memory B-Lymphocytes and Follicular Helper T-Lymphocytes as Central Players in the Immune Response in Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated Populations against SARS-CoV-2Lorenzo Islas-Vazquez0Marisa Cruz-Aguilar1Henry Velazquez-Soto2Aida Jiménez-Corona3Sonia Mayra Pérez-Tapia4Maria C. Jimenez-Martinez5Department of Immunology and Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, MexicoDepartment of Immunology and Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, MexicoDepartment of Immunology and Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, MexicoDepartment of Ocular Epidemiology, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, MexicoUnidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioterapéuticos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, MexicoDepartment of Immunology and Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, MexicoVaccines have been recognized as having a central role in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic; however, most vaccine development research is focused on IgG-induced antibodies. Here, we analyzed the generation of IgGs related to SARS-CoV-2 and the changes in B- and T-lymphocyte proportions following vaccination against COVID-19. We included samples from 69 volunteers inoculated with the Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2), Astra Zeneca (AZD1222 Covishield), or Sputnik V (Gam-COVID-Vac) vaccines. IgGs related to SARS-CoV-2 increased after the first vaccine dose compared with the nonvaccinated group (Pfizer, <i>p</i> = 0.0001; Astra Zeneca, <i>p</i> < 0.0001; Sputnik V, <i>p</i> = 0.0089). The results of the flow cytometry analysis of B- and T-lymphocytes showed a higher proportion of effector-memory B-lymphocytes in both first and second doses when compared with the nonvaccinated subjects. FcRL4+ cells were increased in second-dose-vaccinated COVID-19(−) and recovered COVID-19(+) participants when compared with the nonvaccinated participants. COVID-19(−) participants showed a lower proportion of follicular helper T-lymphocytes (TFH) in the second dose when compared with the first-vaccine-dose and nonvaccinated subjects. In conclusion, after the first vaccine dose, immunization against SARS-CoV-2 induces IgG production, and this could be mediated by TFH and effector-memory B-lymphocytes. Our data can be used in the design of vaccine schedules to evaluate immuno-bridging from a cellular point of view.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/10/1761SARS-CoV-2vaccineCOVID-19B-lymphocytesfollicular helper T-lymphocytes (TFH) |
| spellingShingle | Lorenzo Islas-Vazquez Marisa Cruz-Aguilar Henry Velazquez-Soto Aida Jiménez-Corona Sonia Mayra Pérez-Tapia Maria C. Jimenez-Martinez Effector-Memory B-Lymphocytes and Follicular Helper T-Lymphocytes as Central Players in the Immune Response in Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated Populations against SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines SARS-CoV-2 vaccine COVID-19 B-lymphocytes follicular helper T-lymphocytes (TFH) |
| title | Effector-Memory B-Lymphocytes and Follicular Helper T-Lymphocytes as Central Players in the Immune Response in Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated Populations against SARS-CoV-2 |
| title_full | Effector-Memory B-Lymphocytes and Follicular Helper T-Lymphocytes as Central Players in the Immune Response in Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated Populations against SARS-CoV-2 |
| title_fullStr | Effector-Memory B-Lymphocytes and Follicular Helper T-Lymphocytes as Central Players in the Immune Response in Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated Populations against SARS-CoV-2 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effector-Memory B-Lymphocytes and Follicular Helper T-Lymphocytes as Central Players in the Immune Response in Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated Populations against SARS-CoV-2 |
| title_short | Effector-Memory B-Lymphocytes and Follicular Helper T-Lymphocytes as Central Players in the Immune Response in Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated Populations against SARS-CoV-2 |
| title_sort | effector memory b lymphocytes and follicular helper t lymphocytes as central players in the immune response in vaccinated and nonvaccinated populations against sars cov 2 |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 vaccine COVID-19 B-lymphocytes follicular helper T-lymphocytes (TFH) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/10/1761 |
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