A Panel of Bile Volatile Organic Compounds Servers as a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker for Gallbladder Cancer
As no reliable diagnostic methods are available, gallbladder cancer (GBC) is often diagnosed until advanced stages, resulting in a poor prognosis. In the present study, we assessed whether volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could be used as a diagnostic tool for GBC. The VOCs in bile samples collect...
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| Format: | Article |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Oncology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2022.858639/full |
| _version_ | 1818283352687378432 |
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| author | Xin Zhang Xinru Gui Yanli Zhang Qi Liu Liqiang Zhao Jingxian Gao Jian Ji Yi Zhang |
| author_facet | Xin Zhang Xinru Gui Yanli Zhang Qi Liu Liqiang Zhao Jingxian Gao Jian Ji Yi Zhang |
| author_sort | Xin Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As no reliable diagnostic methods are available, gallbladder cancer (GBC) is often diagnosed until advanced stages, resulting in a poor prognosis. In the present study, we assessed whether volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could be used as a diagnostic tool for GBC. The VOCs in bile samples collected from 32 GBC patients were detected by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), and 54 patients with benign gallbladder diseases (BGD) were used as controls. Both principal component analysis and unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis gave a clear separation of GBC and BGD based on the bile VOC data collected from GC-IMS. A total of 12 differentially expressed VOCs were identified, including four upregulated (cyclohexanone, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, acetophenone, and methyl benzoate) and eight downregulated [methyl acetate, (E)-hept-2-enal, hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-pentenal, pentan-1-ol, 1-octen-3-one, and (E)-2-octenal] in GBC compared with BGD. ROC analysis demonstrated a 12-VOC panel con-structed by four machine learning algorithms, which was superior to the traditional tumor marker, CA19-9. Among them, support vector machines and linear discriminant analysis provided the highest AUCs of 0.972, with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 94.4% in the diagnosis of GBC. Collectively, VOCs might be used as a potential tool for the diagnosis of GBC. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-13T00:35:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-58cd969cec634b79870f3b8036e7a4e6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2234-943X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-13T00:35:33Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Oncology |
| spelling | doaj.art-58cd969cec634b79870f3b8036e7a4e62022-12-22T00:05:13ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Oncology2234-943X2022-03-011210.3389/fonc.2022.858639858639A Panel of Bile Volatile Organic Compounds Servers as a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker for Gallbladder CancerXin Zhang0Xinru Gui1Yanli Zhang2Qi Liu3Liqiang Zhao4Jingxian Gao5Jian Ji6Yi Zhang7Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, ChinaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, ChinaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, ChinaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, ChinaDepartment of Research and Development, Hanon Advanced Technology Group Co., Ltd, Jinan, ChinaDepartment of Research and Development, Hanon Advanced Technology Group Co., Ltd, Jinan, ChinaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, ChinaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, ChinaAs no reliable diagnostic methods are available, gallbladder cancer (GBC) is often diagnosed until advanced stages, resulting in a poor prognosis. In the present study, we assessed whether volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could be used as a diagnostic tool for GBC. The VOCs in bile samples collected from 32 GBC patients were detected by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), and 54 patients with benign gallbladder diseases (BGD) were used as controls. Both principal component analysis and unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis gave a clear separation of GBC and BGD based on the bile VOC data collected from GC-IMS. A total of 12 differentially expressed VOCs were identified, including four upregulated (cyclohexanone, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, acetophenone, and methyl benzoate) and eight downregulated [methyl acetate, (E)-hept-2-enal, hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-pentenal, pentan-1-ol, 1-octen-3-one, and (E)-2-octenal] in GBC compared with BGD. ROC analysis demonstrated a 12-VOC panel con-structed by four machine learning algorithms, which was superior to the traditional tumor marker, CA19-9. Among them, support vector machines and linear discriminant analysis provided the highest AUCs of 0.972, with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 94.4% in the diagnosis of GBC. Collectively, VOCs might be used as a potential tool for the diagnosis of GBC.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2022.858639/fullgallbladder cancervolatile organic compoundsdiagnosisbiomarkerbile |
| spellingShingle | Xin Zhang Xinru Gui Yanli Zhang Qi Liu Liqiang Zhao Jingxian Gao Jian Ji Yi Zhang A Panel of Bile Volatile Organic Compounds Servers as a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker for Gallbladder Cancer Frontiers in Oncology gallbladder cancer volatile organic compounds diagnosis biomarker bile |
| title | A Panel of Bile Volatile Organic Compounds Servers as a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker for Gallbladder Cancer |
| title_full | A Panel of Bile Volatile Organic Compounds Servers as a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker for Gallbladder Cancer |
| title_fullStr | A Panel of Bile Volatile Organic Compounds Servers as a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker for Gallbladder Cancer |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Panel of Bile Volatile Organic Compounds Servers as a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker for Gallbladder Cancer |
| title_short | A Panel of Bile Volatile Organic Compounds Servers as a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker for Gallbladder Cancer |
| title_sort | panel of bile volatile organic compounds servers as a potential diagnostic biomarker for gallbladder cancer |
| topic | gallbladder cancer volatile organic compounds diagnosis biomarker bile |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2022.858639/full |
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