Influence of Saw palmetto and Pygeum africana extracts on the urinary concentrations of endogenous anabolic steroids: Relevance to doping analysis
Background: Over the counter preparations containing Saw palmetto and Pygeum africana extracts are commonly used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with lower urinary tract symptoms. Their effects are likely due to their anti-androgenic activity, involving the interaction with type 1 a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Phytomedicine Plus |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667031320300051 |
| _version_ | 1819137265065000960 |
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| author | Michele Iannone Amelia Palermo Xavier de la Torre Monica Mazzarino Francesco Molaioni Francesco Botrè |
| author_facet | Michele Iannone Amelia Palermo Xavier de la Torre Monica Mazzarino Francesco Molaioni Francesco Botrè |
| author_sort | Michele Iannone |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Over the counter preparations containing Saw palmetto and Pygeum africana extracts are commonly used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with lower urinary tract symptoms. Their effects are likely due to their anti-androgenic activity, involving the interaction with type 1 and type 2 isoenzymes of the 5α-reductase family. Hypothesis/purpose: For effects similar to the above, the inhibitors of 5α-reductase (e.g., finasteride) are classified as confounding factors in the evaluation of the urinary steroid profile in sport doping. We aimed to verify whether the oral intake of products containing Saw palmetto and Pygeum africana could affect the urinary concentration of a series of steroids, not limited to those included in the “steroidal module” of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP). Study design: We have followed the effects of a five-day administration of Saw palmetto (320 mg) and Pygeum africana (100 mg) to three non-smokers male subjects on the urinary parameters constituting the “steroidal module” of the ABP, and on the concentration of additional steroid markers. In parallel, we have also measured the urinary concentration of β-sitosterol, which is the active component of Saw palmetto and Pygeum Africana. Methods: Sample collection was performed five days before starting the controlled administration study to obtain the baseline urinary steroid pattern for each subject. After this period, the three volunteers took a dose of Saw palmetto (320 mg) and Pygeum africana (100 mg) formulation orally, once a day, for five consecutive days. Urine samples were collected at different times of the day and stored at −20 °C until analysis. Samples were analyzed by a previously developed and validated method based on gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). Results: Our results show that the intake of a single oral dose of Saw palmetto and Pygeum africana for five consecutive days leads to a broader data dispersion of the target steroids' concentration levels, and, consequently, to a variation of the corresponding individual normality ranges. Conclusion: The intake of dietary supplements containing Saw palmetto and Pygeum africana could be a source of interference in the correct longitudinal evaluation of the individual steroid profile, as described in the framework of ABP. We believe their urinary levels should be monitored as it is presently done for other confounding factors of the steroidal module of the ABP. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-22T10:48:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-58ec47f54f7b47a58adfe8c306b7e330 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2667-0313 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T10:48:07Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Phytomedicine Plus |
| spelling | doaj.art-58ec47f54f7b47a58adfe8c306b7e3302022-12-21T18:28:51ZengElsevierPhytomedicine Plus2667-03132021-02-0111100005Influence of Saw palmetto and Pygeum africana extracts on the urinary concentrations of endogenous anabolic steroids: Relevance to doping analysisMichele Iannone0Amelia Palermo1Xavier de la Torre2Monica Mazzarino3Francesco Molaioni4Francesco Botrè5Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; Corresponding authors at: Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy.Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, ItalyLaboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, ItalyLaboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, ItalyLaboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, ItalyLaboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; ISSUL – Institute of sport sciences, University of Lausanne, Synathlon – Quartier Centre, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Corresponding authors at: Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy.Background: Over the counter preparations containing Saw palmetto and Pygeum africana extracts are commonly used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with lower urinary tract symptoms. Their effects are likely due to their anti-androgenic activity, involving the interaction with type 1 and type 2 isoenzymes of the 5α-reductase family. Hypothesis/purpose: For effects similar to the above, the inhibitors of 5α-reductase (e.g., finasteride) are classified as confounding factors in the evaluation of the urinary steroid profile in sport doping. We aimed to verify whether the oral intake of products containing Saw palmetto and Pygeum africana could affect the urinary concentration of a series of steroids, not limited to those included in the “steroidal module” of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP). Study design: We have followed the effects of a five-day administration of Saw palmetto (320 mg) and Pygeum africana (100 mg) to three non-smokers male subjects on the urinary parameters constituting the “steroidal module” of the ABP, and on the concentration of additional steroid markers. In parallel, we have also measured the urinary concentration of β-sitosterol, which is the active component of Saw palmetto and Pygeum Africana. Methods: Sample collection was performed five days before starting the controlled administration study to obtain the baseline urinary steroid pattern for each subject. After this period, the three volunteers took a dose of Saw palmetto (320 mg) and Pygeum africana (100 mg) formulation orally, once a day, for five consecutive days. Urine samples were collected at different times of the day and stored at −20 °C until analysis. Samples were analyzed by a previously developed and validated method based on gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). Results: Our results show that the intake of a single oral dose of Saw palmetto and Pygeum africana for five consecutive days leads to a broader data dispersion of the target steroids' concentration levels, and, consequently, to a variation of the corresponding individual normality ranges. Conclusion: The intake of dietary supplements containing Saw palmetto and Pygeum africana could be a source of interference in the correct longitudinal evaluation of the individual steroid profile, as described in the framework of ABP. We believe their urinary levels should be monitored as it is presently done for other confounding factors of the steroidal module of the ABP.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667031320300051Saw palmettoPygeum africanaβ-sitosterolUrinary steroid profileGas-chromatography/mass spectrometryTargeted metabolomics |
| spellingShingle | Michele Iannone Amelia Palermo Xavier de la Torre Monica Mazzarino Francesco Molaioni Francesco Botrè Influence of Saw palmetto and Pygeum africana extracts on the urinary concentrations of endogenous anabolic steroids: Relevance to doping analysis Phytomedicine Plus Saw palmetto Pygeum africana β-sitosterol Urinary steroid profile Gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry Targeted metabolomics |
| title | Influence of Saw palmetto and Pygeum africana extracts on the urinary concentrations of endogenous anabolic steroids: Relevance to doping analysis |
| title_full | Influence of Saw palmetto and Pygeum africana extracts on the urinary concentrations of endogenous anabolic steroids: Relevance to doping analysis |
| title_fullStr | Influence of Saw palmetto and Pygeum africana extracts on the urinary concentrations of endogenous anabolic steroids: Relevance to doping analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of Saw palmetto and Pygeum africana extracts on the urinary concentrations of endogenous anabolic steroids: Relevance to doping analysis |
| title_short | Influence of Saw palmetto and Pygeum africana extracts on the urinary concentrations of endogenous anabolic steroids: Relevance to doping analysis |
| title_sort | influence of saw palmetto and pygeum africana extracts on the urinary concentrations of endogenous anabolic steroids relevance to doping analysis |
| topic | Saw palmetto Pygeum africana β-sitosterol Urinary steroid profile Gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry Targeted metabolomics |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667031320300051 |
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