| Summary: | Once fundamental difficulties such as active sites and selectivity are fully resolved, metal-free catalysts such as 3D graphene or carbon nanotubes (CNT) are very cost-effective substitutes for the expensive noble metals used for catalyzing CO<sub>2</sub>. A viable method for converting environmental wastes into useful energy storage or industrial wealth, and one which also addresses the environmental and energy problems brought on by emissions of CO<sub>2</sub>, is CO<sub>2</sub> hydrogenation into hydrocarbon compounds. The creation of catalytic compounds and knowledge about the reaction mechanisms have received considerable attention. Numerous variables affect the catalytic process, including metal–support interaction, metal particle sizes, and promoters. CO<sub>2</sub> hydrogenation into different hydrocarbon compounds like lower olefins, alcoholic composites, long-chain hydrocarbon composites, and fuels, in addition to other categories, have been explained in previous studies. With respect to catalyst design, photocatalytic activity, and the reaction mechanism, recent advances in obtaining oxygenated hydrocarbons from CO<sub>2</sub> processing have been made both through experiments and through density functional theory (DFT) simulations. This review highlights the progress made in the use of three-dimensional (3D) nanomaterials and their compounds and methods for their synthesis in the process of hydrogenation of CO<sub>2</sub>. Recent advances in catalytic performance and the conversion mechanism for CO<sub>2</sub> hydrogenation into hydrocarbons that have been made using both experiments and DFT simulations are also discussed. The development of 3D nanomaterials and metal catalysts supported on 3D nanomaterials is important for CO<sub>2</sub> conversion because of their stability and the ability to continuously support the catalytic processes, in addition to the ability to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> directly and hydrogenate it into oxygenated hydrocarbons.
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