Facile and Low-Cost SPE Modification Towards Ultra-Sensitive Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticide Detection in Olive Oil
Despite the fact that a considerable amount of effort has been invested in the development of biosensors for the detection of pesticides, there is still a lack of a simple and low-cost platform that can reliably and sensitively detect their presence in real samples. Herein, an enzyme-based biosensor...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-10-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/21/4988 |
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| author | Dionysios Soulis Marianna Trigazi George Tsekenis Chrysoula Chandrinou Apostolos Klinakis Ioanna Zergioti |
| author_facet | Dionysios Soulis Marianna Trigazi George Tsekenis Chrysoula Chandrinou Apostolos Klinakis Ioanna Zergioti |
| author_sort | Dionysios Soulis |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Despite the fact that a considerable amount of effort has been invested in the development of biosensors for the detection of pesticides, there is still a lack of a simple and low-cost platform that can reliably and sensitively detect their presence in real samples. Herein, an enzyme-based biosensor for the determination of both carbamate and organophosphorus pesticides is presented that is based on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) immobilized on commercially available screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPEs) modified with carbon black (CB), as a means to enhance their conductivity. Most interestingly, two different methodologies to deposit the enzyme onto the sensor surfaces were followed; strikingly different results were obtained depending on the family of pesticides under investigation. Furthermore, and towards the uniform application of the functionalization layer onto the SPEs’ surfaces, the laser induced forward transfer (LIFT) technique was employed in conjunction with CB functionalization, which allowed a considerable improvement of the sensor’s performance. Under the optimized conditions, the fabricated sensors can effectively detect carbofuran in a linear range from 1.1 × 10<sup>−9</sup> to 2.3 × 10<sup>−8</sup> mol/L, with a limit of detection equal to 0.6 × 10<sup>−9</sup> mol/L and chlorpyrifos in a linear range from 0.7 × 10<sup>−9</sup> up to 1.4 × 10<sup>−8</sup> mol/L and a limit of detection 0.4 × 10<sup>−9</sup> mol/L in buffer. The developed biosensor was also interrogated with olive oil samples, and was able to detect both pesticides at concentrations below 10 ppb, which is the maximum residue limit permitted by the European Food Safety Authority. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:16:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5924579e20dc4bc883ca1cbada676f55 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:16:48Z |
| publishDate | 2020-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-5924579e20dc4bc883ca1cbada676f552023-11-20T18:50:51ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492020-10-012521498810.3390/molecules25214988Facile and Low-Cost SPE Modification Towards Ultra-Sensitive Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticide Detection in Olive OilDionysios Soulis0Marianna Trigazi1George Tsekenis2Chrysoula Chandrinou3Apostolos Klinakis4Ioanna Zergioti5Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephessiou 4, 11527 Athens, GreeceBiomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephessiou 4, 11527 Athens, GreeceBiomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephessiou 4, 11527 Athens, GreeceSchool of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytehneiou 9, 15780 Athens, GreeceBiomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephessiou 4, 11527 Athens, GreeceSchool of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytehneiou 9, 15780 Athens, GreeceDespite the fact that a considerable amount of effort has been invested in the development of biosensors for the detection of pesticides, there is still a lack of a simple and low-cost platform that can reliably and sensitively detect their presence in real samples. Herein, an enzyme-based biosensor for the determination of both carbamate and organophosphorus pesticides is presented that is based on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) immobilized on commercially available screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPEs) modified with carbon black (CB), as a means to enhance their conductivity. Most interestingly, two different methodologies to deposit the enzyme onto the sensor surfaces were followed; strikingly different results were obtained depending on the family of pesticides under investigation. Furthermore, and towards the uniform application of the functionalization layer onto the SPEs’ surfaces, the laser induced forward transfer (LIFT) technique was employed in conjunction with CB functionalization, which allowed a considerable improvement of the sensor’s performance. Under the optimized conditions, the fabricated sensors can effectively detect carbofuran in a linear range from 1.1 × 10<sup>−9</sup> to 2.3 × 10<sup>−8</sup> mol/L, with a limit of detection equal to 0.6 × 10<sup>−9</sup> mol/L and chlorpyrifos in a linear range from 0.7 × 10<sup>−9</sup> up to 1.4 × 10<sup>−8</sup> mol/L and a limit of detection 0.4 × 10<sup>−9</sup> mol/L in buffer. The developed biosensor was also interrogated with olive oil samples, and was able to detect both pesticides at concentrations below 10 ppb, which is the maximum residue limit permitted by the European Food Safety Authority.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/21/4988pesticidecarbamatecarbofuranorganophosphoruschlorpyrifoscarbon black |
| spellingShingle | Dionysios Soulis Marianna Trigazi George Tsekenis Chrysoula Chandrinou Apostolos Klinakis Ioanna Zergioti Facile and Low-Cost SPE Modification Towards Ultra-Sensitive Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticide Detection in Olive Oil Molecules pesticide carbamate carbofuran organophosphorus chlorpyrifos carbon black |
| title | Facile and Low-Cost SPE Modification Towards Ultra-Sensitive Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticide Detection in Olive Oil |
| title_full | Facile and Low-Cost SPE Modification Towards Ultra-Sensitive Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticide Detection in Olive Oil |
| title_fullStr | Facile and Low-Cost SPE Modification Towards Ultra-Sensitive Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticide Detection in Olive Oil |
| title_full_unstemmed | Facile and Low-Cost SPE Modification Towards Ultra-Sensitive Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticide Detection in Olive Oil |
| title_short | Facile and Low-Cost SPE Modification Towards Ultra-Sensitive Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticide Detection in Olive Oil |
| title_sort | facile and low cost spe modification towards ultra sensitive organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide detection in olive oil |
| topic | pesticide carbamate carbofuran organophosphorus chlorpyrifos carbon black |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/21/4988 |
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