Comparative Study on Extraction of Cellulose Fiber from Rice Straw Waste from Chemo-Mechanical and Pulping Method
Inspired by nature, cellulose extracted from plant wastes has been explored, due to its great potential as an alternative for synthetic fiber and filler that contributes to structural performance. The drive of this study was to extract, treat, and evaluate the characteristics of rice straw (RS) (<...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/3/387 |
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| author | Nur Amirah Mamat Razali Risby Mohd Sohaimi Raja Nor Izawati Raja Othman Norli Abdullah Siti Zulaikha Ngah Demon Latifah Jasmani Wan Mohd Zain Wan Yunus Wan Mohd Hanif Wan Ya’acob Emee Marina Salleh Mohd Nurazzi Norizan Norhana Abdul Halim |
| author_facet | Nur Amirah Mamat Razali Risby Mohd Sohaimi Raja Nor Izawati Raja Othman Norli Abdullah Siti Zulaikha Ngah Demon Latifah Jasmani Wan Mohd Zain Wan Yunus Wan Mohd Hanif Wan Ya’acob Emee Marina Salleh Mohd Nurazzi Norizan Norhana Abdul Halim |
| author_sort | Nur Amirah Mamat Razali |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Inspired by nature, cellulose extracted from plant wastes has been explored, due to its great potential as an alternative for synthetic fiber and filler that contributes to structural performance. The drive of this study was to extract, treat, and evaluate the characteristics of rice straw (RS) (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) cellulose as a biodegradable reinforcement to be utilized in polymer base materials. Two routes of extraction and treatment were performed via the pulping (Route 1) and chemo-mechanical methods (Route 2), in order to discover comparative characteristics of the synthesized cellulose fiber. Comprehensive characterization of RS cellulose was carried out to determine crystallinity, surface morphology, and chemical bonding properties, using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), respectively. The XRD test results showed that the crystallinity index (CI) of cellulose powder (CP) decreased after the surface modification treatment, Route 2, from 64.50 to 50.10% CI for modified cellulose powder (MCP), due to the surface alteration of cellulose structure. From Route 1, the crystallinity of the fibers decreased up to 33.5% (dissolve cellulose, DC) after the pulp went through the surface modification and dissolution processes, resulting from the transformation of cellulose phase into para-crystalline structure. FESEM micrographs displayed a significant reduction of raw RS diameter from 7.78 µm to 3.34 µm (treated by Route 1) and 1.06 µm (treated by Route 2). The extracted and treated cellulose via both routes, which was considerably dominated by cellulose II because of the high percentage of alkaline used, include the dissolve cellulose (DC). The dissolution process, using NMMO solvent, was performed on the pulp fiber produced by Route 1. The fiber change from cellulose I to cellulose II after undergoes the process. Thus, the dissolution process maintains cellulose II but turned the pulp to the cellulose solution. The acquired characteristics of cellulose from RS waste, extracted by the employed methods, have a considerably greater potential for further application in numerous industries. It was concluded that the great achievement of extracted RS is obtained the nanosized fibers after surface modification treatment, which is very useful for filler in structural composite applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:17:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5926d437aba447b99d51f3f4546c8a89 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:17:31Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-5926d437aba447b99d51f3f4546c8a892023-11-23T17:32:57ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602022-01-0114338710.3390/polym14030387Comparative Study on Extraction of Cellulose Fiber from Rice Straw Waste from Chemo-Mechanical and Pulping MethodNur Amirah Mamat Razali0Risby Mohd Sohaimi1Raja Nor Izawati Raja Othman2Norli Abdullah3Siti Zulaikha Ngah Demon4Latifah Jasmani5Wan Mohd Zain Wan Yunus6Wan Mohd Hanif Wan Ya’acob7Emee Marina Salleh8Mohd Nurazzi Norizan9Norhana Abdul Halim10Center for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaFaculty of Engineering, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaFaculty of Engineering, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaCenter for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaCenter for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaForest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaCenter for Tropicalisation, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaCentre for Defence Research and Technology, National Defence University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaDepartment of Mineral and Geoscience Malaysia, Mineral Research Centre, Ipoh 30020, MalaysiaCenter for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaCenter for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaInspired by nature, cellulose extracted from plant wastes has been explored, due to its great potential as an alternative for synthetic fiber and filler that contributes to structural performance. The drive of this study was to extract, treat, and evaluate the characteristics of rice straw (RS) (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) cellulose as a biodegradable reinforcement to be utilized in polymer base materials. Two routes of extraction and treatment were performed via the pulping (Route 1) and chemo-mechanical methods (Route 2), in order to discover comparative characteristics of the synthesized cellulose fiber. Comprehensive characterization of RS cellulose was carried out to determine crystallinity, surface morphology, and chemical bonding properties, using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), respectively. The XRD test results showed that the crystallinity index (CI) of cellulose powder (CP) decreased after the surface modification treatment, Route 2, from 64.50 to 50.10% CI for modified cellulose powder (MCP), due to the surface alteration of cellulose structure. From Route 1, the crystallinity of the fibers decreased up to 33.5% (dissolve cellulose, DC) after the pulp went through the surface modification and dissolution processes, resulting from the transformation of cellulose phase into para-crystalline structure. FESEM micrographs displayed a significant reduction of raw RS diameter from 7.78 µm to 3.34 µm (treated by Route 1) and 1.06 µm (treated by Route 2). The extracted and treated cellulose via both routes, which was considerably dominated by cellulose II because of the high percentage of alkaline used, include the dissolve cellulose (DC). The dissolution process, using NMMO solvent, was performed on the pulp fiber produced by Route 1. The fiber change from cellulose I to cellulose II after undergoes the process. Thus, the dissolution process maintains cellulose II but turned the pulp to the cellulose solution. The acquired characteristics of cellulose from RS waste, extracted by the employed methods, have a considerably greater potential for further application in numerous industries. It was concluded that the great achievement of extracted RS is obtained the nanosized fibers after surface modification treatment, which is very useful for filler in structural composite applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/3/387cellulosechemo-mechanicalpulpingrice strawXRDFTIR |
| spellingShingle | Nur Amirah Mamat Razali Risby Mohd Sohaimi Raja Nor Izawati Raja Othman Norli Abdullah Siti Zulaikha Ngah Demon Latifah Jasmani Wan Mohd Zain Wan Yunus Wan Mohd Hanif Wan Ya’acob Emee Marina Salleh Mohd Nurazzi Norizan Norhana Abdul Halim Comparative Study on Extraction of Cellulose Fiber from Rice Straw Waste from Chemo-Mechanical and Pulping Method Polymers cellulose chemo-mechanical pulping rice straw XRD FTIR |
| title | Comparative Study on Extraction of Cellulose Fiber from Rice Straw Waste from Chemo-Mechanical and Pulping Method |
| title_full | Comparative Study on Extraction of Cellulose Fiber from Rice Straw Waste from Chemo-Mechanical and Pulping Method |
| title_fullStr | Comparative Study on Extraction of Cellulose Fiber from Rice Straw Waste from Chemo-Mechanical and Pulping Method |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative Study on Extraction of Cellulose Fiber from Rice Straw Waste from Chemo-Mechanical and Pulping Method |
| title_short | Comparative Study on Extraction of Cellulose Fiber from Rice Straw Waste from Chemo-Mechanical and Pulping Method |
| title_sort | comparative study on extraction of cellulose fiber from rice straw waste from chemo mechanical and pulping method |
| topic | cellulose chemo-mechanical pulping rice straw XRD FTIR |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/3/387 |
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