The Influence of Flame Retardants on Combustion of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Resin
For the first time, next to the flammability tests (LOI, UL-94 HB, VBB, TGA), experimental tests and computer simulation have been conducted on the flame spread and combustion of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy resins (GFRER) with 6% graphene and 6% DDM-DOPO flame-retardant additives. The downward rate...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/16/3379 |
| _version_ | 1797408237081853952 |
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| author | Oleg Korobeinichev Artem Shaklein Stanislav Trubachev Alexander Karpov Alexander Paletsky Anatoliy Chernov Egor Sosnin Andrey Shmakov |
| author_facet | Oleg Korobeinichev Artem Shaklein Stanislav Trubachev Alexander Karpov Alexander Paletsky Anatoliy Chernov Egor Sosnin Andrey Shmakov |
| author_sort | Oleg Korobeinichev |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | For the first time, next to the flammability tests (LOI, UL-94 HB, VBB, TGA), experimental tests and computer simulation have been conducted on the flame spread and combustion of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy resins (GFRER) with 6% graphene and 6% DDM-DOPO flame-retardant additives. The downward rates of flame spread (ROS) in opposed flow with oxidizer and the upward ROS along GFRER composites have been first measured as well as the distribution of temperature over the combustion surface of the composites with flame-retardant additives and without them. The LOI and UL-94 HB tests showed a reduction in the flammability of GFRER when flame retardants were added and predicted a higher effectiveness of DDM-DOPO compared to graphene. Adding DDM-DOPO resulted in increasing the rate of formation of the volatile pyrolysis products and their yield, indicating, together with the other data obtained, the gas phase mechanism of the flame retardant’s action. Adding graphene resulted in an increase in the soot release on the burning surface and an increase in the amount of non-volatile pyrolysis products on the burning surface, reducing the amount of fuel that participated in the oxidation reactions in the gas phase. The developed numerical combustion model for GFRER with a DDM-DOPO additive, based on the action of DDM-DOPO as a flame retardant acting in the gas phase, satisfactorily predicts the effect of this flame retardant on the reduction in downward ROS over GFRER for 45–50% oxygen concentrations. The developed model for GFRER with graphene additive, based on a reduction in the amount of fuel and increase in the amount of incombustible volatile pyrolysis products when graphene is added, predicts with good accuracy downward ROS over GFRER depending on oxygen concentration. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:55:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-592928177e2f4721ad700b65806b8462 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:55:29Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-592928177e2f4721ad700b65806b84622023-12-03T14:20:28ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602022-08-011416337910.3390/polym14163379The Influence of Flame Retardants on Combustion of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy ResinOleg Korobeinichev0Artem Shaklein1Stanislav Trubachev2Alexander Karpov3Alexander Paletsky4Anatoliy Chernov5Egor Sosnin6Andrey Shmakov7Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, RussiaUdmurt Federal Research Center, 426067 Izhevsk, RussiaInstitute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, RussiaUdmurt Federal Research Center, 426067 Izhevsk, RussiaInstitute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, RussiaInstitute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, RussiaInstitute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, RussiaInstitute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, RussiaFor the first time, next to the flammability tests (LOI, UL-94 HB, VBB, TGA), experimental tests and computer simulation have been conducted on the flame spread and combustion of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy resins (GFRER) with 6% graphene and 6% DDM-DOPO flame-retardant additives. The downward rates of flame spread (ROS) in opposed flow with oxidizer and the upward ROS along GFRER composites have been first measured as well as the distribution of temperature over the combustion surface of the composites with flame-retardant additives and without them. The LOI and UL-94 HB tests showed a reduction in the flammability of GFRER when flame retardants were added and predicted a higher effectiveness of DDM-DOPO compared to graphene. Adding DDM-DOPO resulted in increasing the rate of formation of the volatile pyrolysis products and their yield, indicating, together with the other data obtained, the gas phase mechanism of the flame retardant’s action. Adding graphene resulted in an increase in the soot release on the burning surface and an increase in the amount of non-volatile pyrolysis products on the burning surface, reducing the amount of fuel that participated in the oxidation reactions in the gas phase. The developed numerical combustion model for GFRER with a DDM-DOPO additive, based on the action of DDM-DOPO as a flame retardant acting in the gas phase, satisfactorily predicts the effect of this flame retardant on the reduction in downward ROS over GFRER for 45–50% oxygen concentrations. The developed model for GFRER with graphene additive, based on a reduction in the amount of fuel and increase in the amount of incombustible volatile pyrolysis products when graphene is added, predicts with good accuracy downward ROS over GFRER depending on oxygen concentration.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/16/3379flame spreadopposed flowpolymer compositesflame retardantsnumerical modelingtemperature measurement |
| spellingShingle | Oleg Korobeinichev Artem Shaklein Stanislav Trubachev Alexander Karpov Alexander Paletsky Anatoliy Chernov Egor Sosnin Andrey Shmakov The Influence of Flame Retardants on Combustion of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Resin Polymers flame spread opposed flow polymer composites flame retardants numerical modeling temperature measurement |
| title | The Influence of Flame Retardants on Combustion of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Resin |
| title_full | The Influence of Flame Retardants on Combustion of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Resin |
| title_fullStr | The Influence of Flame Retardants on Combustion of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Resin |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Influence of Flame Retardants on Combustion of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Resin |
| title_short | The Influence of Flame Retardants on Combustion of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Resin |
| title_sort | influence of flame retardants on combustion of glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin |
| topic | flame spread opposed flow polymer composites flame retardants numerical modeling temperature measurement |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/16/3379 |
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