Functional rubber composites based on silica-silane reinforcement for green tire application: the state of the art
Abstract Silica is the rubber industry’s most essential and cost-effective reinforcing filler after carbon black. The silica reinforcement mechanism with a non-polar elastomer is complicated by the presence of polar functional groups on the silica surface. This polar nature of silica causes filler-t...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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SpringerOpen
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Functional Composite Materials |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s42252-022-00035-7 |
| _version_ | 1797984670430789632 |
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| author | Jeevanandham Neethirajan Arshad Rahman Parathodika Guo-Hua Hu Kinsuk Naskar |
| author_facet | Jeevanandham Neethirajan Arshad Rahman Parathodika Guo-Hua Hu Kinsuk Naskar |
| author_sort | Jeevanandham Neethirajan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Silica is the rubber industry’s most essential and cost-effective reinforcing filler after carbon black. The silica reinforcement mechanism with a non-polar elastomer is complicated by the presence of polar functional groups on the silica surface. This polar nature of silica causes filler-to-filler interaction by forming hydrogen bonds. Therefore, sizeable non-dispersed silica clusters remain in a non-polar rubber matrix. To avoid these strong filler-filler interactions and improve rubber/silica compatibility, the silica surface needs to be modified. This can be done using a coupling agent which has functional groups capable of linking both the rubber and silica. It has been discovered that when silica/silane coupling agents are present, the critical properties like rolling resistance and wet grip in the magic triangle of tire tread balance out better than carbon black formulations, bringing the system closer to the green tire goal. In this review article, the efforts made by both the rubber formulation development and chemistry to fully exploit the potential of silica/silane reinforcement for automotive tires are retrospected. Highlights on how compounding ingredients, process technology, functionalized elastomer, novel silanes, and the variant of silicas can enhance the magic triangle and silica-silane reaction mechanism are provided. In addition, the kinetics of silanization and measurements for the degree of silanization is also highlighted. Future research directions in this area are also touched upon. Hopefully, this review can stimulate future silica/silane scientific and technology developments for both academic and industrial-oriented requirements. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T07:05:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-592eea20a07f44a681671d0c69dd36df |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2522-5774 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T07:05:36Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Functional Composite Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-592eea20a07f44a681671d0c69dd36df2022-12-22T04:38:23ZengSpringerOpenFunctional Composite Materials2522-57742022-10-013111510.1186/s42252-022-00035-7Functional rubber composites based on silica-silane reinforcement for green tire application: the state of the artJeevanandham Neethirajan0Arshad Rahman Parathodika1Guo-Hua Hu2Kinsuk Naskar3Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of TechnologyRubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of TechnologyUniversity of Lorraine - CNRS, Laboratory of Reactions and Process Engineering (LRGP, UMR CNRS 7274), EEIGMRubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of TechnologyAbstract Silica is the rubber industry’s most essential and cost-effective reinforcing filler after carbon black. The silica reinforcement mechanism with a non-polar elastomer is complicated by the presence of polar functional groups on the silica surface. This polar nature of silica causes filler-to-filler interaction by forming hydrogen bonds. Therefore, sizeable non-dispersed silica clusters remain in a non-polar rubber matrix. To avoid these strong filler-filler interactions and improve rubber/silica compatibility, the silica surface needs to be modified. This can be done using a coupling agent which has functional groups capable of linking both the rubber and silica. It has been discovered that when silica/silane coupling agents are present, the critical properties like rolling resistance and wet grip in the magic triangle of tire tread balance out better than carbon black formulations, bringing the system closer to the green tire goal. In this review article, the efforts made by both the rubber formulation development and chemistry to fully exploit the potential of silica/silane reinforcement for automotive tires are retrospected. Highlights on how compounding ingredients, process technology, functionalized elastomer, novel silanes, and the variant of silicas can enhance the magic triangle and silica-silane reaction mechanism are provided. In addition, the kinetics of silanization and measurements for the degree of silanization is also highlighted. Future research directions in this area are also touched upon. Hopefully, this review can stimulate future silica/silane scientific and technology developments for both academic and industrial-oriented requirements.https://doi.org/10.1186/s42252-022-00035-7SilicaSilaneRubberCompositeGreen tireFuel economy |
| spellingShingle | Jeevanandham Neethirajan Arshad Rahman Parathodika Guo-Hua Hu Kinsuk Naskar Functional rubber composites based on silica-silane reinforcement for green tire application: the state of the art Functional Composite Materials Silica Silane Rubber Composite Green tire Fuel economy |
| title | Functional rubber composites based on silica-silane reinforcement for green tire application: the state of the art |
| title_full | Functional rubber composites based on silica-silane reinforcement for green tire application: the state of the art |
| title_fullStr | Functional rubber composites based on silica-silane reinforcement for green tire application: the state of the art |
| title_full_unstemmed | Functional rubber composites based on silica-silane reinforcement for green tire application: the state of the art |
| title_short | Functional rubber composites based on silica-silane reinforcement for green tire application: the state of the art |
| title_sort | functional rubber composites based on silica silane reinforcement for green tire application the state of the art |
| topic | Silica Silane Rubber Composite Green tire Fuel economy |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s42252-022-00035-7 |
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