| Summary: | The southern Gulf of Mexico (sGoM) is highly susceptible to receiving environmental impacts due to the recent increase in oil-related activities. In this study, we assessed the changes in the bacterioplankton community structure caused by a simulated oil spill at mesocosms scale. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis indicated that the initial bacterial community was mainly represented by Gamma-proteobacteria, Alpha-proteobacteria, Flavobacteriia, and Cyanobacteria. The hydrocarbon degradation activity, measured as the number of culturable hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (CHB) and by the copy number of the <i>alkB</i> gene, was relatively low at the beginning of the experiment. However, after four days, the hydrocarbonoclastic activity reached its maximum values and was accompanied by increases in the relative abundance of the well-known hydrocarbonoclastic <i>Alteromonas</i>. At the end of the experiment, the diversity was restored to similar values as those observed in the initial time, although the community structure and composition were clearly different, where <i>Marivita</i>, <i>Pseudohongiella</i>, and <i>Oleibacter</i> were detected to have differential abundances on days eight−14. These changes were related with total nitrogen (<i>p</i> value = 0.030 and <i>r</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.22) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (<i>p</i> value = 0.048 and <i>r</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.25), according to PERMANOVA. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of the potential response of the bacterioplankton from sGoM to crude oil spills.
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