Dependence of the Michelson Interferometer-Based Membrane-Less Optical Microphone–Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Gas-Sensing Method on the Fundamental Parameters of a Photoacoustic Gas Cell
This article presents a mathematical model of the Michelson interferometer (MI)-based membrane-less optical microphone (MeoM)–photoacoustic spectroscopy (MeoM–PAS) method, which is also referred to as MI-based photoacoustic interferometry (PAI), for gas-sensing applications in complex and adverse en...
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Photonics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/10/8/888 |
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| author | Shuchao Wang Ali K. Yetisen Kun Wang Martin Jakobi Alexander W. Koch |
| author_facet | Shuchao Wang Ali K. Yetisen Kun Wang Martin Jakobi Alexander W. Koch |
| author_sort | Shuchao Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This article presents a mathematical model of the Michelson interferometer (MI)-based membrane-less optical microphone (MeoM)–photoacoustic spectroscopy (MeoM–PAS) method, which is also referred to as MI-based photoacoustic interferometry (PAI), for gas-sensing applications in complex and adverse environments, as it offers a completely static measurement system and the separation of a photoacoustic (PA) gas cell from the measuring system. It also investigates the dependence of this method on the fundamental parameters of a cubical PA gas cell using axial PA signals. The results indicate that the phase of the method is a sine function of the distance between the two light beams and a power exponent of the cell length, the cell height, and the distance between the excitation source and the nearest light beam, under the condition that the PA gas cell is resonant and that the excitation source is at the position of the peak or valley of the PA signals. It is at its maximum when the distance between the two light beams is approximately half the wavelength of the PA signals under the same conditions. In addition, the dependence of a PA gas cell using non-axial PA signals is described under the conditions that the PA gas cell is resonant, which is consistent with the changing aforementioned parameters for the distance between the two light beams, the cell length and height, and the distance between the excitation source and the nearest light beam. Furthermore, the selection of five common materials (aluminum, brass, glass, quartz, and stainless steel) for the PA gas cell is discussed under the influence of temperature fluctuations outside the PA gas cell, noise inside and outside the PA gas cell, as well as thermal and viscous losses inside the PA gas cell. The results indicate that quartz and stainless steel are promising options. Finally, the parameters related to the sensitivity enhancement of the method are analyzed using mathematical models, where the sensitivity of the method can be theoretically enhanced by reducing the dimensions of the PA gas cell. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:38:33Z |
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| issn | 2304-6732 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:38:33Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
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| series | Photonics |
| spelling | doaj.art-595c4e2cb5ce4c57a2689dda858fafcf2023-11-19T02:39:14ZengMDPI AGPhotonics2304-67322023-08-0110888810.3390/photonics10080888Dependence of the Michelson Interferometer-Based Membrane-Less Optical Microphone–Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Gas-Sensing Method on the Fundamental Parameters of a Photoacoustic Gas CellShuchao Wang0Ali K. Yetisen1Kun Wang2Martin Jakobi3Alexander W. Koch4Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, GermanyDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UKInstitute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, GermanyInstitute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, GermanyInstitute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, GermanyThis article presents a mathematical model of the Michelson interferometer (MI)-based membrane-less optical microphone (MeoM)–photoacoustic spectroscopy (MeoM–PAS) method, which is also referred to as MI-based photoacoustic interferometry (PAI), for gas-sensing applications in complex and adverse environments, as it offers a completely static measurement system and the separation of a photoacoustic (PA) gas cell from the measuring system. It also investigates the dependence of this method on the fundamental parameters of a cubical PA gas cell using axial PA signals. The results indicate that the phase of the method is a sine function of the distance between the two light beams and a power exponent of the cell length, the cell height, and the distance between the excitation source and the nearest light beam, under the condition that the PA gas cell is resonant and that the excitation source is at the position of the peak or valley of the PA signals. It is at its maximum when the distance between the two light beams is approximately half the wavelength of the PA signals under the same conditions. In addition, the dependence of a PA gas cell using non-axial PA signals is described under the conditions that the PA gas cell is resonant, which is consistent with the changing aforementioned parameters for the distance between the two light beams, the cell length and height, and the distance between the excitation source and the nearest light beam. Furthermore, the selection of five common materials (aluminum, brass, glass, quartz, and stainless steel) for the PA gas cell is discussed under the influence of temperature fluctuations outside the PA gas cell, noise inside and outside the PA gas cell, as well as thermal and viscous losses inside the PA gas cell. The results indicate that quartz and stainless steel are promising options. Finally, the parameters related to the sensitivity enhancement of the method are analyzed using mathematical models, where the sensitivity of the method can be theoretically enhanced by reducing the dimensions of the PA gas cell.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/10/8/888Michelson interferometermembrane-less optical microphone (MeoM)–photoacoustic spectroscopy (MeoM–PAS)photoacoustic interferometry (PAI)gas sensingphotoacoustic gas cell |
| spellingShingle | Shuchao Wang Ali K. Yetisen Kun Wang Martin Jakobi Alexander W. Koch Dependence of the Michelson Interferometer-Based Membrane-Less Optical Microphone–Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Gas-Sensing Method on the Fundamental Parameters of a Photoacoustic Gas Cell Photonics Michelson interferometer membrane-less optical microphone (MeoM)–photoacoustic spectroscopy (MeoM–PAS) photoacoustic interferometry (PAI) gas sensing photoacoustic gas cell |
| title | Dependence of the Michelson Interferometer-Based Membrane-Less Optical Microphone–Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Gas-Sensing Method on the Fundamental Parameters of a Photoacoustic Gas Cell |
| title_full | Dependence of the Michelson Interferometer-Based Membrane-Less Optical Microphone–Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Gas-Sensing Method on the Fundamental Parameters of a Photoacoustic Gas Cell |
| title_fullStr | Dependence of the Michelson Interferometer-Based Membrane-Less Optical Microphone–Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Gas-Sensing Method on the Fundamental Parameters of a Photoacoustic Gas Cell |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dependence of the Michelson Interferometer-Based Membrane-Less Optical Microphone–Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Gas-Sensing Method on the Fundamental Parameters of a Photoacoustic Gas Cell |
| title_short | Dependence of the Michelson Interferometer-Based Membrane-Less Optical Microphone–Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Gas-Sensing Method on the Fundamental Parameters of a Photoacoustic Gas Cell |
| title_sort | dependence of the michelson interferometer based membrane less optical microphone photoacoustic spectroscopy gas sensing method on the fundamental parameters of a photoacoustic gas cell |
| topic | Michelson interferometer membrane-less optical microphone (MeoM)–photoacoustic spectroscopy (MeoM–PAS) photoacoustic interferometry (PAI) gas sensing photoacoustic gas cell |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/10/8/888 |
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