Allotetraploidization in <i>Brachypodium</i> May Have Led to the Dominance of One Parent’s Metabolome in Germinating Seeds
Seed germination is a complex process during which a mature seed resumes metabolic activity to prepare for seedling growth. In this study, we performed a comparative metabolomic analysis of the embryo and endosperm using the community standard lines of three annual <i>Brachypodium</i> sp...
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/4/828 |
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| author | Aleksandra Skalska Elzbieta Wolny Manfred Beckmann John H. Doonan Robert Hasterok Luis A. J. Mur |
| author_facet | Aleksandra Skalska Elzbieta Wolny Manfred Beckmann John H. Doonan Robert Hasterok Luis A. J. Mur |
| author_sort | Aleksandra Skalska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Seed germination is a complex process during which a mature seed resumes metabolic activity to prepare for seedling growth. In this study, we performed a comparative metabolomic analysis of the embryo and endosperm using the community standard lines of three annual <i>Brachypodium</i> species, i.e., <i>B. distachyon</i> (Bd) and <i>B. stacei</i> (Bs) and their natural allotetraploid <i>B. hybridum</i> (BdBs) that has wider ecological range than the other two species. We explored how far the metabolomic impact of allotetraploidization would be observable as over-lapping changes at 4, 12, and 24 h after imbibition (HAI) with water when germination was initiated. Metabolic changes during germination were more prominent in <i>Brachypodium</i> embryos than in the endosperm. The embryo and endosperm metabolomes of Bs and BdBs were similar, and those of Bd were distinctive. The Bs and BdBs embryos showed increased levels of sugars and the tricarboxylic acid cycle compared to Bd, which could have been indicative of better nutrient mobilization from the endosperm. Bs and BdBs also showed higher oxalate levels that could aid nutrient transfer through altered cellular events. In <i>Brachypodium</i> endosperm, the thick cell wall, in addition to starch, has been suggested to be a source of nutrients to the embryo. Metabolites indicative of sugar metabolism in the endosperm of all three species were not prominent, suggesting that mobilization mostly occurred prior to 4 HAI. Hydroxycinnamic and monolignol changes in Bs and BdBs were consistent with cell wall remodeling that arose following the release of nutrients to the respective embryos. Amino acid changes in both the embryo and endosperm were broadly consistent across the species. Taking our data together, the formation of BdBs may have maintained much of the Bs metabolome in both the embryo and endosperm during the early stages of germination. In the embryo, this conserved Bs metabolome appeared to include an elevated sugar metabolism that played a vital role in germination. If these observations are confirmed in the future with more <i>Brachypodium</i> accessions, it would substantiate the dominance of the Bs metabolome in BdBs allotetraploidization and the use of metabolomics to suggest important adaptive changes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:32:47Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:32:47Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-5987b797337f426f809b09c39e6b529e2023-11-21T14:29:51ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092021-04-0110482810.3390/cells10040828Allotetraploidization in <i>Brachypodium</i> May Have Led to the Dominance of One Parent’s Metabolome in Germinating SeedsAleksandra Skalska0Elzbieta Wolny1Manfred Beckmann2John H. Doonan3Robert Hasterok4Luis A. J. Mur5Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, PolandPlant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, PolandInstitute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UKNational Plant Phenomics Centre, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE, UKPlant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, PolandInstitute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UKSeed germination is a complex process during which a mature seed resumes metabolic activity to prepare for seedling growth. In this study, we performed a comparative metabolomic analysis of the embryo and endosperm using the community standard lines of three annual <i>Brachypodium</i> species, i.e., <i>B. distachyon</i> (Bd) and <i>B. stacei</i> (Bs) and their natural allotetraploid <i>B. hybridum</i> (BdBs) that has wider ecological range than the other two species. We explored how far the metabolomic impact of allotetraploidization would be observable as over-lapping changes at 4, 12, and 24 h after imbibition (HAI) with water when germination was initiated. Metabolic changes during germination were more prominent in <i>Brachypodium</i> embryos than in the endosperm. The embryo and endosperm metabolomes of Bs and BdBs were similar, and those of Bd were distinctive. The Bs and BdBs embryos showed increased levels of sugars and the tricarboxylic acid cycle compared to Bd, which could have been indicative of better nutrient mobilization from the endosperm. Bs and BdBs also showed higher oxalate levels that could aid nutrient transfer through altered cellular events. In <i>Brachypodium</i> endosperm, the thick cell wall, in addition to starch, has been suggested to be a source of nutrients to the embryo. Metabolites indicative of sugar metabolism in the endosperm of all three species were not prominent, suggesting that mobilization mostly occurred prior to 4 HAI. Hydroxycinnamic and monolignol changes in Bs and BdBs were consistent with cell wall remodeling that arose following the release of nutrients to the respective embryos. Amino acid changes in both the embryo and endosperm were broadly consistent across the species. Taking our data together, the formation of BdBs may have maintained much of the Bs metabolome in both the embryo and endosperm during the early stages of germination. In the embryo, this conserved Bs metabolome appeared to include an elevated sugar metabolism that played a vital role in germination. If these observations are confirmed in the future with more <i>Brachypodium</i> accessions, it would substantiate the dominance of the Bs metabolome in BdBs allotetraploidization and the use of metabolomics to suggest important adaptive changes.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/4/828<i>Brachypodium</i> speciesmetabolitesmodel grassseed germination |
| spellingShingle | Aleksandra Skalska Elzbieta Wolny Manfred Beckmann John H. Doonan Robert Hasterok Luis A. J. Mur Allotetraploidization in <i>Brachypodium</i> May Have Led to the Dominance of One Parent’s Metabolome in Germinating Seeds Cells <i>Brachypodium</i> species metabolites model grass seed germination |
| title | Allotetraploidization in <i>Brachypodium</i> May Have Led to the Dominance of One Parent’s Metabolome in Germinating Seeds |
| title_full | Allotetraploidization in <i>Brachypodium</i> May Have Led to the Dominance of One Parent’s Metabolome in Germinating Seeds |
| title_fullStr | Allotetraploidization in <i>Brachypodium</i> May Have Led to the Dominance of One Parent’s Metabolome in Germinating Seeds |
| title_full_unstemmed | Allotetraploidization in <i>Brachypodium</i> May Have Led to the Dominance of One Parent’s Metabolome in Germinating Seeds |
| title_short | Allotetraploidization in <i>Brachypodium</i> May Have Led to the Dominance of One Parent’s Metabolome in Germinating Seeds |
| title_sort | allotetraploidization in i brachypodium i may have led to the dominance of one parent s metabolome in germinating seeds |
| topic | <i>Brachypodium</i> species metabolites model grass seed germination |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/4/828 |
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