Antimicrobial Activity of Novel Deep Eutectic Solvents
Herein, we utilized several deep eutectic solvents (DES) that were based on hydrogen donors and hydrogen acceptors for their antibacterial application. These DES were tested for their bactericidal activities against Gram-positive (<i>Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pneum...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Scientia Pharmaceutica |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-0532/91/1/9 |
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| author | Noor Akbar Naveed Ahmed Khan Taleb Ibrahim Mustafa Khamis Amir Sada Khan Ahmad M. Alharbi Hasan Alfahemi Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui |
| author_facet | Noor Akbar Naveed Ahmed Khan Taleb Ibrahim Mustafa Khamis Amir Sada Khan Ahmad M. Alharbi Hasan Alfahemi Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui |
| author_sort | Noor Akbar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Herein, we utilized several deep eutectic solvents (DES) that were based on hydrogen donors and hydrogen acceptors for their antibacterial application. These DES were tested for their bactericidal activities against Gram-positive (<i>Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>, and methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>) and Gram-negative (<i>Escherichia coli</i> K1, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Serratia marcescens</i>) bacteria. Using lactate dehydrogenase assays, DES were evaluated for their cytopathic effects towards human cells. Results from antibacterial tests revealed that DES prepared from the combination of methyl-trioctylammonium chloride and glycerol (DES-4) and DES prepared form methyl-trioctylammonium chloride and fructose (DES-11) at a 2 µL dose showed broad-spectrum antibacterial behavior and had the highest bactericidal activity. Moreover, DES-4 showed 40% and 68% antibacterial activity against <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>E. coli</i> K1, respectively. Similarly, DES-11 eliminated 65% and 61% <i>E. coli</i> K1 and <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, respectively. Among Gram-positive bacteria, DES-4 showed important antibacterial activity, inhibiting 75% of <i>B. cereus</i> and 51% of <i>S. pneumoniae</i>. Likewise, DES-11 depicted 70% <i>B. cereus</i> and 50% <i>S. pneumoniae</i> bactericidal effects. Finally, the DES showed limited cytotoxic properties against human cell lines with the exception of the DES prepared from Methyltrioctylammonium chloride and Citric acid (DES-10), which had 88% cytotoxic effects. These findings suggest that DES depict potent antibacterial efficacies and cause minimal damage to human cells. It can be concluded that the selected DES in this study could be utilized as valuable and novel antibacterial drugs against bacterial infections. In future work, the mechanisms for bactericides and the cytotoxicity effects of these DES will be investigated. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:57:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-599d7b40ef1c4f958b15f70e6c1a0f19 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0036-8709 2218-0532 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:57:14Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Scientia Pharmaceutica |
| spelling | doaj.art-599d7b40ef1c4f958b15f70e6c1a0f192023-11-17T13:42:28ZengMDPI AGScientia Pharmaceutica0036-87092218-05322023-02-01911910.3390/scipharm91010009Antimicrobial Activity of Novel Deep Eutectic SolventsNoor Akbar0Naveed Ahmed Khan1Taleb Ibrahim2Mustafa Khamis3Amir Sada Khan4Ahmad M. Alharbi5Hasan Alfahemi6Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui7College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 26666, United Arab EmiratesDepartment of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab EmiratesDepartment of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab EmiratesCollege of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 26666, United Arab EmiratesDepartment of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab EmiratesDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Baha University, P.O. Box. 1988, Al-Baha 65799, Saudi ArabiaCollege of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 26666, United Arab EmiratesHerein, we utilized several deep eutectic solvents (DES) that were based on hydrogen donors and hydrogen acceptors for their antibacterial application. These DES were tested for their bactericidal activities against Gram-positive (<i>Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>, and methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>) and Gram-negative (<i>Escherichia coli</i> K1, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Serratia marcescens</i>) bacteria. Using lactate dehydrogenase assays, DES were evaluated for their cytopathic effects towards human cells. Results from antibacterial tests revealed that DES prepared from the combination of methyl-trioctylammonium chloride and glycerol (DES-4) and DES prepared form methyl-trioctylammonium chloride and fructose (DES-11) at a 2 µL dose showed broad-spectrum antibacterial behavior and had the highest bactericidal activity. Moreover, DES-4 showed 40% and 68% antibacterial activity against <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>E. coli</i> K1, respectively. Similarly, DES-11 eliminated 65% and 61% <i>E. coli</i> K1 and <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, respectively. Among Gram-positive bacteria, DES-4 showed important antibacterial activity, inhibiting 75% of <i>B. cereus</i> and 51% of <i>S. pneumoniae</i>. Likewise, DES-11 depicted 70% <i>B. cereus</i> and 50% <i>S. pneumoniae</i> bactericidal effects. Finally, the DES showed limited cytotoxic properties against human cell lines with the exception of the DES prepared from Methyltrioctylammonium chloride and Citric acid (DES-10), which had 88% cytotoxic effects. These findings suggest that DES depict potent antibacterial efficacies and cause minimal damage to human cells. It can be concluded that the selected DES in this study could be utilized as valuable and novel antibacterial drugs against bacterial infections. In future work, the mechanisms for bactericides and the cytotoxicity effects of these DES will be investigated.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-0532/91/1/9antibiotic resistancemulti-drug resistancedeep eutectic solventsantibacterialcytotoxicity |
| spellingShingle | Noor Akbar Naveed Ahmed Khan Taleb Ibrahim Mustafa Khamis Amir Sada Khan Ahmad M. Alharbi Hasan Alfahemi Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui Antimicrobial Activity of Novel Deep Eutectic Solvents Scientia Pharmaceutica antibiotic resistance multi-drug resistance deep eutectic solvents antibacterial cytotoxicity |
| title | Antimicrobial Activity of Novel Deep Eutectic Solvents |
| title_full | Antimicrobial Activity of Novel Deep Eutectic Solvents |
| title_fullStr | Antimicrobial Activity of Novel Deep Eutectic Solvents |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antimicrobial Activity of Novel Deep Eutectic Solvents |
| title_short | Antimicrobial Activity of Novel Deep Eutectic Solvents |
| title_sort | antimicrobial activity of novel deep eutectic solvents |
| topic | antibiotic resistance multi-drug resistance deep eutectic solvents antibacterial cytotoxicity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-0532/91/1/9 |
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