Hole Application of Urea Inhibited Nitrification in the Zone around the Fertilizer Point by Reducing the Abundance of Nitrification Genes
The present study investigated the interactions among nitrogen transformation and soil bacteria along the direction of diffusion of hole-applied urea. To this end, a lab incubation trial was conducted on sandy loam and silty loam soils. Soil bacterial communities were analyzed via 16S rRNA high-thro...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Agriculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/11/1771 |
| _version_ | 1797469474837757952 |
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| author | Liang Cheng Yifan Wang Yiliu Wang Huoyan Wang |
| author_facet | Liang Cheng Yifan Wang Yiliu Wang Huoyan Wang |
| author_sort | Liang Cheng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The present study investigated the interactions among nitrogen transformation and soil bacteria along the direction of diffusion of hole-applied urea. To this end, a lab incubation trial was conducted on sandy loam and silty loam soils. Soil bacterial communities were analyzed via 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, and soil chemical properties were measured at 8, 20, and 60 d after urea application. The treatments were the fertilizer point and 0–4 cm, 4–8 cm, 8–12 cm, and 12–16 cm horizontally distant from the fertilization point. They were designated FP, 0–4, 4–8, 8–12, and 12–16, respectively. The pre-culture and pre-incubation soil sample was used as a control. Soil NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> concentration was the key factor influencing the soil bacterial community. For the sandy loam, the FP and 0–4 treatments reduced the putative abundance of <i>amoA</i> by 38.9–83.4% and 40.7–67.6%, <i>amoB</i> by 38.9–83.4% and 40.6–67.6%, and <i>amoC</i> by 41.1–84.1% and 43.6–69.9%, respectively, compared with the control group. For the silty loam, the FP and 0–4 treatments reduced the putative abundance of <i>amoA</i> by 85.0–87.3% and 28.9–82.6%, <i>amoB</i> by 84.6–87.2% and 29.1–82.5%, and <i>amoC</i> by 81.9–87.1% and 27.5–82.7%, respectively, compared with the control group. The fertilizer core region was <4 cm from the fertilizer point and maintained high NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> concentrations for >60 d, which strongly inhibited nitrification. Overall, the fertilizer core region slowly released nitrogen and inhibited nitrification. For these reasons, hole application of urea may serve as a long-acting nitrogen fertilizer. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:21:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-59bc6532ab514d4bb6efccadff4bbb53 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:21:54Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
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| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj.art-59bc6532ab514d4bb6efccadff4bbb532023-11-24T03:16:34ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722022-10-011211177110.3390/agriculture12111771Hole Application of Urea Inhibited Nitrification in the Zone around the Fertilizer Point by Reducing the Abundance of Nitrification GenesLiang Cheng0Yifan Wang1Yiliu Wang2Huoyan Wang3State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, ChinaThe present study investigated the interactions among nitrogen transformation and soil bacteria along the direction of diffusion of hole-applied urea. To this end, a lab incubation trial was conducted on sandy loam and silty loam soils. Soil bacterial communities were analyzed via 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, and soil chemical properties were measured at 8, 20, and 60 d after urea application. The treatments were the fertilizer point and 0–4 cm, 4–8 cm, 8–12 cm, and 12–16 cm horizontally distant from the fertilization point. They were designated FP, 0–4, 4–8, 8–12, and 12–16, respectively. The pre-culture and pre-incubation soil sample was used as a control. Soil NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> concentration was the key factor influencing the soil bacterial community. For the sandy loam, the FP and 0–4 treatments reduced the putative abundance of <i>amoA</i> by 38.9–83.4% and 40.7–67.6%, <i>amoB</i> by 38.9–83.4% and 40.6–67.6%, and <i>amoC</i> by 41.1–84.1% and 43.6–69.9%, respectively, compared with the control group. For the silty loam, the FP and 0–4 treatments reduced the putative abundance of <i>amoA</i> by 85.0–87.3% and 28.9–82.6%, <i>amoB</i> by 84.6–87.2% and 29.1–82.5%, and <i>amoC</i> by 81.9–87.1% and 27.5–82.7%, respectively, compared with the control group. The fertilizer core region was <4 cm from the fertilizer point and maintained high NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> concentrations for >60 d, which strongly inhibited nitrification. Overall, the fertilizer core region slowly released nitrogen and inhibited nitrification. For these reasons, hole application of urea may serve as a long-acting nitrogen fertilizer.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/11/1771bacterial communitydiversitylong-actingmicro-region |
| spellingShingle | Liang Cheng Yifan Wang Yiliu Wang Huoyan Wang Hole Application of Urea Inhibited Nitrification in the Zone around the Fertilizer Point by Reducing the Abundance of Nitrification Genes Agriculture bacterial community diversity long-acting micro-region |
| title | Hole Application of Urea Inhibited Nitrification in the Zone around the Fertilizer Point by Reducing the Abundance of Nitrification Genes |
| title_full | Hole Application of Urea Inhibited Nitrification in the Zone around the Fertilizer Point by Reducing the Abundance of Nitrification Genes |
| title_fullStr | Hole Application of Urea Inhibited Nitrification in the Zone around the Fertilizer Point by Reducing the Abundance of Nitrification Genes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hole Application of Urea Inhibited Nitrification in the Zone around the Fertilizer Point by Reducing the Abundance of Nitrification Genes |
| title_short | Hole Application of Urea Inhibited Nitrification in the Zone around the Fertilizer Point by Reducing the Abundance of Nitrification Genes |
| title_sort | hole application of urea inhibited nitrification in the zone around the fertilizer point by reducing the abundance of nitrification genes |
| topic | bacterial community diversity long-acting micro-region |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/11/1771 |
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