Playground lead levels in rubber, soil, sand, and mulch surfaces in Boston.
Rubber surfacing is often used in playgrounds due to its potential injury prevention benefits and as a way to recycle waste tires. Available research on chemicals in recycled rubber has focused on synthetic turf applications, but is limited for playground rubber surfacing. Potential lead contaminati...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2019-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216156 |
| _version_ | 1797661381108957184 |
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| author | Khaled S Almansour Nicholas J Arisco May K Woo Anna S Young Gary Adamkiewicz Jaime E Hart |
| author_facet | Khaled S Almansour Nicholas J Arisco May K Woo Anna S Young Gary Adamkiewicz Jaime E Hart |
| author_sort | Khaled S Almansour |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Rubber surfacing is often used in playgrounds due to its potential injury prevention benefits and as a way to recycle waste tires. Available research on chemicals in recycled rubber has focused on synthetic turf applications, but is limited for playground rubber surfacing. Potential lead contamination from vulcanizing agents used in rubber surfacing are a possible concern; however this has not been researched. We examined levels of lead in poured-in-place rubber and compared them to levels in soil, sand, and wood mulch materials from 28 randomly selected playgrounds in Boston, MA, USA using X-ray fluorescence. To evaluate the association between material type and lead concentrations, we conducted a two-way ANOVA with repeated measures and built a linear regression model controlling for distance to major roadway, neighborhood-level status as an environmental justice area, peeling paint on the playground, and rubber condition. Average lead levels were 65.7 μg/g for soil, 22.0 μg/g for rubber, 8.5 μg/g for sand, and 9.0 μg/g for mulch. Our finding of lower concentrations of lead in sand and mulch compared to rubber and soil should be used to inform playground design to optimize children's health, alongside other chemical and safety considerations. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T18:44:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-59d89aafb16345e78803c15db3181ff0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T18:44:41Z |
| publishDate | 2019-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj.art-59d89aafb16345e78803c15db3181ff02023-10-12T05:31:50ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032019-01-01144e021615610.1371/journal.pone.0216156Playground lead levels in rubber, soil, sand, and mulch surfaces in Boston.Khaled S AlmansourNicholas J AriscoMay K WooAnna S YoungGary AdamkiewiczJaime E HartRubber surfacing is often used in playgrounds due to its potential injury prevention benefits and as a way to recycle waste tires. Available research on chemicals in recycled rubber has focused on synthetic turf applications, but is limited for playground rubber surfacing. Potential lead contamination from vulcanizing agents used in rubber surfacing are a possible concern; however this has not been researched. We examined levels of lead in poured-in-place rubber and compared them to levels in soil, sand, and wood mulch materials from 28 randomly selected playgrounds in Boston, MA, USA using X-ray fluorescence. To evaluate the association between material type and lead concentrations, we conducted a two-way ANOVA with repeated measures and built a linear regression model controlling for distance to major roadway, neighborhood-level status as an environmental justice area, peeling paint on the playground, and rubber condition. Average lead levels were 65.7 μg/g for soil, 22.0 μg/g for rubber, 8.5 μg/g for sand, and 9.0 μg/g for mulch. Our finding of lower concentrations of lead in sand and mulch compared to rubber and soil should be used to inform playground design to optimize children's health, alongside other chemical and safety considerations.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216156 |
| spellingShingle | Khaled S Almansour Nicholas J Arisco May K Woo Anna S Young Gary Adamkiewicz Jaime E Hart Playground lead levels in rubber, soil, sand, and mulch surfaces in Boston. PLoS ONE |
| title | Playground lead levels in rubber, soil, sand, and mulch surfaces in Boston. |
| title_full | Playground lead levels in rubber, soil, sand, and mulch surfaces in Boston. |
| title_fullStr | Playground lead levels in rubber, soil, sand, and mulch surfaces in Boston. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Playground lead levels in rubber, soil, sand, and mulch surfaces in Boston. |
| title_short | Playground lead levels in rubber, soil, sand, and mulch surfaces in Boston. |
| title_sort | playground lead levels in rubber soil sand and mulch surfaces in boston |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216156 |
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