Deep mtDNA Sequence Divergences and Possible Species Radiation of Whip Spiders (Arachnida, Amblypygi, Phrynidae, <i>Phrynus/Paraphrynus</i>) among Caribbean Oceanic and Cave Islands
Islands—whether classic oceanic islands or habitat islands such as isolated thermal vents, mountain tops, or caves—often promote the diversification of lineages that colonize them. We examined CO1 mtDNA sequence divergences within the tailless whip spider genus <i>Phrynus</i> Lamarck, 18...
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Taxonomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-6500/3/1/11 |
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| author | Ingi Agnarsson Jonathan A. Coddington Laura Caicedo-Quiroga Laura J. May-Collado Snæbjörn Pálsson |
| author_facet | Ingi Agnarsson Jonathan A. Coddington Laura Caicedo-Quiroga Laura J. May-Collado Snæbjörn Pálsson |
| author_sort | Ingi Agnarsson |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Islands—whether classic oceanic islands or habitat islands such as isolated thermal vents, mountain tops, or caves—often promote the diversification of lineages that colonize them. We examined CO1 mtDNA sequence divergences within the tailless whip spider genus <i>Phrynus</i> Lamarck, 1809 (Amblypygi: Phrynidae) among oceanic islands and among cave ’islands´ distributed across the Caribbean archipelago and on the continental mainland. The significance of this study lies in the extensive taxon sampling of a supposedly depauperate lineage (considering its age), over a large proportion of its geographical range, and the discovery of deep mtDNA sequence divergences. We sampled thousands of specimens—and sequenced 544, including six outgroup species—across 173 localities on 17 islands (135 localities) and five countries on the North to South American mainland (38 localities), including a total of 63 caves. Classical taxonomy identified ten named <i>Phrynus</i> and two <i>Paraphrynus</i> Moreno, 1940 species. <i>Paraphrynus</i> seems to be paraphyletic and nested in <i>Phrynus</i>. Uncorrected genetic distances within named species and among morphological species ranged up to 15% and 19%, respectively. Geographic distances explained a significant portion of genetic distances on islands (19%, among both subterranean and epigean specimens), and for epigean specimens on the mainland (27%). Species delimitation analyses indicated that the 12 named species harbored from 66 to well over 100 putative species. The highest number of species was indicated by the GMYC method (114 species) while the Bayesian Poisson tree processes (bPTP) and the BP&P relying on the Markov chain Monte Carlo Bayesian Phylogenetic model estimated an upper level of 110 species. On the other hand, the recently recommended and relatively conservative distance-based (phylogeny free) ASAP model has the greatest support for 73 species. In either case, nearly all putative species are tightly limited to a single locality, often a small cave system, and sometimes to the surrounding epigean area. Caribbean <i>Phrynus</i> diversity has likely been vastly underestimated, likely due to both morphological crypsis and the ignorance of Caribbean cave fauna. Although mtDNA sequences can suggest species limits, nuclear DNA sequencing and detailed morphological research are necessary to corroborate them and explore whether this phenomenon constitutes species radiation or perhaps just mtDNA divergences as a consequence of, for example, stationary females and actively dispersing males. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:49:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-59ffb839b8594d9eaa6f2097cc94a6ce |
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| issn | 2673-6500 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:49:14Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj.art-59ffb839b8594d9eaa6f2097cc94a6ce2023-11-17T14:11:45ZengMDPI AGTaxonomy2673-65002023-02-013113314710.3390/taxonomy3010011Deep mtDNA Sequence Divergences and Possible Species Radiation of Whip Spiders (Arachnida, Amblypygi, Phrynidae, <i>Phrynus/Paraphrynus</i>) among Caribbean Oceanic and Cave IslandsIngi Agnarsson0Jonathan A. Coddington1Laura Caicedo-Quiroga2Laura J. May-Collado3Snæbjörn Pálsson4Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 102 Reykjavik, IcelandDepartment of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, NHB-105, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013, USADepartment of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, NHB-105, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013, USADepartment of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Vermont, 109 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05401, USAFaculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 102 Reykjavik, IcelandIslands—whether classic oceanic islands or habitat islands such as isolated thermal vents, mountain tops, or caves—often promote the diversification of lineages that colonize them. We examined CO1 mtDNA sequence divergences within the tailless whip spider genus <i>Phrynus</i> Lamarck, 1809 (Amblypygi: Phrynidae) among oceanic islands and among cave ’islands´ distributed across the Caribbean archipelago and on the continental mainland. The significance of this study lies in the extensive taxon sampling of a supposedly depauperate lineage (considering its age), over a large proportion of its geographical range, and the discovery of deep mtDNA sequence divergences. We sampled thousands of specimens—and sequenced 544, including six outgroup species—across 173 localities on 17 islands (135 localities) and five countries on the North to South American mainland (38 localities), including a total of 63 caves. Classical taxonomy identified ten named <i>Phrynus</i> and two <i>Paraphrynus</i> Moreno, 1940 species. <i>Paraphrynus</i> seems to be paraphyletic and nested in <i>Phrynus</i>. Uncorrected genetic distances within named species and among morphological species ranged up to 15% and 19%, respectively. Geographic distances explained a significant portion of genetic distances on islands (19%, among both subterranean and epigean specimens), and for epigean specimens on the mainland (27%). Species delimitation analyses indicated that the 12 named species harbored from 66 to well over 100 putative species. The highest number of species was indicated by the GMYC method (114 species) while the Bayesian Poisson tree processes (bPTP) and the BP&P relying on the Markov chain Monte Carlo Bayesian Phylogenetic model estimated an upper level of 110 species. On the other hand, the recently recommended and relatively conservative distance-based (phylogeny free) ASAP model has the greatest support for 73 species. In either case, nearly all putative species are tightly limited to a single locality, often a small cave system, and sometimes to the surrounding epigean area. Caribbean <i>Phrynus</i> diversity has likely been vastly underestimated, likely due to both morphological crypsis and the ignorance of Caribbean cave fauna. Although mtDNA sequences can suggest species limits, nuclear DNA sequencing and detailed morphological research are necessary to corroborate them and explore whether this phenomenon constitutes species radiation or perhaps just mtDNA divergences as a consequence of, for example, stationary females and actively dispersing males.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-6500/3/1/11barcodingbiodiversity hotspotcavernicolarcryptic radiationhabitat islandsspeciation |
| spellingShingle | Ingi Agnarsson Jonathan A. Coddington Laura Caicedo-Quiroga Laura J. May-Collado Snæbjörn Pálsson Deep mtDNA Sequence Divergences and Possible Species Radiation of Whip Spiders (Arachnida, Amblypygi, Phrynidae, <i>Phrynus/Paraphrynus</i>) among Caribbean Oceanic and Cave Islands Taxonomy barcoding biodiversity hotspot cavernicolar cryptic radiation habitat islands speciation |
| title | Deep mtDNA Sequence Divergences and Possible Species Radiation of Whip Spiders (Arachnida, Amblypygi, Phrynidae, <i>Phrynus/Paraphrynus</i>) among Caribbean Oceanic and Cave Islands |
| title_full | Deep mtDNA Sequence Divergences and Possible Species Radiation of Whip Spiders (Arachnida, Amblypygi, Phrynidae, <i>Phrynus/Paraphrynus</i>) among Caribbean Oceanic and Cave Islands |
| title_fullStr | Deep mtDNA Sequence Divergences and Possible Species Radiation of Whip Spiders (Arachnida, Amblypygi, Phrynidae, <i>Phrynus/Paraphrynus</i>) among Caribbean Oceanic and Cave Islands |
| title_full_unstemmed | Deep mtDNA Sequence Divergences and Possible Species Radiation of Whip Spiders (Arachnida, Amblypygi, Phrynidae, <i>Phrynus/Paraphrynus</i>) among Caribbean Oceanic and Cave Islands |
| title_short | Deep mtDNA Sequence Divergences and Possible Species Radiation of Whip Spiders (Arachnida, Amblypygi, Phrynidae, <i>Phrynus/Paraphrynus</i>) among Caribbean Oceanic and Cave Islands |
| title_sort | deep mtdna sequence divergences and possible species radiation of whip spiders arachnida amblypygi phrynidae i phrynus paraphrynus i among caribbean oceanic and cave islands |
| topic | barcoding biodiversity hotspot cavernicolar cryptic radiation habitat islands speciation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-6500/3/1/11 |
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