The ALMA Survey of 70 μm Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). VIII. Dynamics of Embedded Dense Cores
We present dynamical properties of 294 cores embedded in twelve IRDCs observed as part of the ASHES Survey. Protostellar cores have higher gas masses, surface densities, column densities, and volume densities than prestellar cores, indicating core mass growth from the prestellar to the protostellar...
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| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2023-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acc58f |
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| author | Shanghuo Li Patricio Sanhueza Qizhou Zhang Garay Guido Giovanni Sabatini Kaho Morii Xing Lu Daniel Tafoya Fumitaka Nakamura Natsuko Izumi Ken’ichi Tatematsu Fei Li |
| author_facet | Shanghuo Li Patricio Sanhueza Qizhou Zhang Garay Guido Giovanni Sabatini Kaho Morii Xing Lu Daniel Tafoya Fumitaka Nakamura Natsuko Izumi Ken’ichi Tatematsu Fei Li |
| author_sort | Shanghuo Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We present dynamical properties of 294 cores embedded in twelve IRDCs observed as part of the ASHES Survey. Protostellar cores have higher gas masses, surface densities, column densities, and volume densities than prestellar cores, indicating core mass growth from the prestellar to the protostellar phase. We find that ∼80% of cores with virial parameter ( α ) measurements are gravitationally bound ( α < 2). We also find an anticorrelation between the mass and the virial parameter of cores, with massive cores having on average lower virial parameters. Protostellar cores are more gravitationally bound than prestellar cores, with an average virial parameter of 1.2 and 1.5, respectively. The observed nonthermal velocity dispersion (from N _2 D ^+ or DCO ^+ ) is consistent with simulations in which turbulence is continuously injected, whereas the core-to-core velocity dispersion is neither in agreement with driven nor decaying turbulence simulations. We find a not significant increment in the line velocity dispersion from prestellar to protostellar cores, suggesting that the dense gas within the core traced by these deuterated molecules is not yet severely affected by turbulence injected from outflow activity at the early evolutionary stages traced in ASHES. The most massive cores are strongly self-gravitating and have greater surface density, Mach number, and velocity dispersion than cores with lower masses. Dense cores do not have significant velocity shifts relative to their low-density envelopes, suggesting that dense cores are comoving with their envelopes. We conclude that the observed core properties are more in line with the predictions of clump-fed scenarios rather than with those of core-fed scenarios. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:55:51Z |
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| id | doaj.art-5a0a835ed9064865a7a32c0abd09ff88 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:55:51Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-5a0a835ed9064865a7a32c0abd09ff882023-09-03T11:56:48ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572023-01-01949210910.3847/1538-4357/acc58fThe ALMA Survey of 70 μm Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). VIII. Dynamics of Embedded Dense CoresShanghuo Li0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1275-5251Patricio Sanhueza1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7125-7685Qizhou Zhang2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2384-6589Garay Guido3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1649-7958Giovanni Sabatini4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6428-9806Kaho Morii5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6752-6061Xing Lu6https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2619-9305Daniel Tafoya7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2149-2660Fumitaka Nakamura8https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5431-2294Natsuko Izumi9https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1604-9127Ken’ichi Tatematsu10https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8149-8546Fei Li11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9832-8295Max Planck Institute for Astronomy , Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany ; shanghuo.li@gmail.com, li@mpia.deNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USADepartamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile , Las Condes, Santiago, ChileINAF—Istituto di Radioastronomia—Italian node of the ALMA Regional Centre (It-ARC) , Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, ItalyNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 2-21-1, Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-0015, JapanShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , Onsala Space Observatory, SE-439 92 Onsala, SwedenNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanAcademia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics , 11F of AS/NTU Astronomy-Mathematics Building, No.1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, TaiwanNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of ChinaWe present dynamical properties of 294 cores embedded in twelve IRDCs observed as part of the ASHES Survey. Protostellar cores have higher gas masses, surface densities, column densities, and volume densities than prestellar cores, indicating core mass growth from the prestellar to the protostellar phase. We find that ∼80% of cores with virial parameter ( α ) measurements are gravitationally bound ( α < 2). We also find an anticorrelation between the mass and the virial parameter of cores, with massive cores having on average lower virial parameters. Protostellar cores are more gravitationally bound than prestellar cores, with an average virial parameter of 1.2 and 1.5, respectively. The observed nonthermal velocity dispersion (from N _2 D ^+ or DCO ^+ ) is consistent with simulations in which turbulence is continuously injected, whereas the core-to-core velocity dispersion is neither in agreement with driven nor decaying turbulence simulations. We find a not significant increment in the line velocity dispersion from prestellar to protostellar cores, suggesting that the dense gas within the core traced by these deuterated molecules is not yet severely affected by turbulence injected from outflow activity at the early evolutionary stages traced in ASHES. The most massive cores are strongly self-gravitating and have greater surface density, Mach number, and velocity dispersion than cores with lower masses. Dense cores do not have significant velocity shifts relative to their low-density envelopes, suggesting that dense cores are comoving with their envelopes. We conclude that the observed core properties are more in line with the predictions of clump-fed scenarios rather than with those of core-fed scenarios.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acc58fInfrared dark cloudsStar forming regionsStar formationMassive starsProtostarsInterstellar line emission |
| spellingShingle | Shanghuo Li Patricio Sanhueza Qizhou Zhang Garay Guido Giovanni Sabatini Kaho Morii Xing Lu Daniel Tafoya Fumitaka Nakamura Natsuko Izumi Ken’ichi Tatematsu Fei Li The ALMA Survey of 70 μm Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). VIII. Dynamics of Embedded Dense Cores The Astrophysical Journal Infrared dark clouds Star forming regions Star formation Massive stars Protostars Interstellar line emission |
| title | The ALMA Survey of 70 μm Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). VIII. Dynamics of Embedded Dense Cores |
| title_full | The ALMA Survey of 70 μm Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). VIII. Dynamics of Embedded Dense Cores |
| title_fullStr | The ALMA Survey of 70 μm Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). VIII. Dynamics of Embedded Dense Cores |
| title_full_unstemmed | The ALMA Survey of 70 μm Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). VIII. Dynamics of Embedded Dense Cores |
| title_short | The ALMA Survey of 70 μm Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). VIII. Dynamics of Embedded Dense Cores |
| title_sort | alma survey of 70 μm dark high mass clumps in early stages ashes viii dynamics of embedded dense cores |
| topic | Infrared dark clouds Star forming regions Star formation Massive stars Protostars Interstellar line emission |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acc58f |
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