Exploring the Untapped Potential of Pine Nut Skin By-Products: A Holistic Characterization and Recycling Approach
The increasing population, food demand, waste management concerns, and the search for sustainable alternatives to plastic polymers have led researchers to explore the potential of waste materials. This study focused on a waste of pine nut processing referred to in this paper as pine nut skin. For th...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/7/1044 |
| _version_ | 1797212565768503296 |
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| author | Agata Nolasco Jonathan Squillante Salvatore Velotto Giovanni D’Auria Pasquale Ferranti Gianfranco Mamone Maria Emanuela Errico Roberto Avolio Rachele Castaldo Lucia De Luca Raffaele Romano Francesco Esposito Teresa Cirillo |
| author_facet | Agata Nolasco Jonathan Squillante Salvatore Velotto Giovanni D’Auria Pasquale Ferranti Gianfranco Mamone Maria Emanuela Errico Roberto Avolio Rachele Castaldo Lucia De Luca Raffaele Romano Francesco Esposito Teresa Cirillo |
| author_sort | Agata Nolasco |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The increasing population, food demand, waste management concerns, and the search for sustainable alternatives to plastic polymers have led researchers to explore the potential of waste materials. This study focused on a waste of pine nut processing referred to in this paper as pine nut skin. For the first time, its nutritional profile, potential bioactive peptide, contaminants, and morphological structure were assessed. Pine nut skin was composed mainly of carbohydrates (56.2%) and fiber (27.5%). The fat (9.8%) was about 45%, 35%, and 20% saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acid, respectively, and Omega-9,-6, and -3 were detected. Notably, oleic acid, known for its health benefits, was found in significant quantities, resembling its presence in pine nut oil. The presence of bioactive compounds such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and phytosterols further adds to its nutritional value. Some essential elements were reported, whereas most of the contaminants such as heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, rare earth elements, and pesticides were below the limit of quantification. Furthermore, the in silico analysis showed the occurrence of potential precursor peptides of bioactive compounds, indicating health-promoting attributes. Lastly, the morphological structural characterization of the pine nut skin was followed by Fourier Transform Infrared and solid-state NMR spectroscopy to identify the major components, such as lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The thermostability of the pine nut skin was monitored via thermogravimetric analysis, and the surface of the integument was analyzed via scanning electron microscopy and volumetric nitrogen adsorption. This information provides a more comprehensive view of the potential uses of pine nut skin as a filler material for biocomposite materials. A full characterization of the by-products of the food chain is essential for their more appropriate reuse. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:44:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5a1e21f630ad46628625804ef0c481a0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:44:25Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-5a1e21f630ad46628625804ef0c481a02024-04-12T13:18:32ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582024-03-01137104410.3390/foods13071044Exploring the Untapped Potential of Pine Nut Skin By-Products: A Holistic Characterization and Recycling ApproachAgata Nolasco0Jonathan Squillante1Salvatore Velotto2Giovanni D’Auria3Pasquale Ferranti4Gianfranco Mamone5Maria Emanuela Errico6Roberto Avolio7Rachele Castaldo8Lucia De Luca9Raffaele Romano10Francesco Esposito11Teresa Cirillo12Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, 100, 100-80055 Portici, NA, ItalyDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, 100, 100-80055 Portici, NA, ItalyDepartment of Promotion of Human Sciences and the Quality of Life, University of Study of Roma “San Raffaele”, Via di Val Cannuta, 247-00166 Roma, ItalyDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, 100, 100-80055 Portici, NA, ItalyDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, 100, 100-80055 Portici, NA, ItalyInstitute of Food Science, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, ItalyInstitute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials-National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, ItalyInstitute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials-National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, ItalyInstitute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials-National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, ItalyDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, 100, 100-80055 Portici, NA, ItalyDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, 100, 100-80055 Portici, NA, ItalyDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, 100, 100-80055 Portici, NA, ItalyDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, 100, 100-80055 Portici, NA, ItalyThe increasing population, food demand, waste management concerns, and the search for sustainable alternatives to plastic polymers have led researchers to explore the potential of waste materials. This study focused on a waste of pine nut processing referred to in this paper as pine nut skin. For the first time, its nutritional profile, potential bioactive peptide, contaminants, and morphological structure were assessed. Pine nut skin was composed mainly of carbohydrates (56.2%) and fiber (27.5%). The fat (9.8%) was about 45%, 35%, and 20% saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acid, respectively, and Omega-9,-6, and -3 were detected. Notably, oleic acid, known for its health benefits, was found in significant quantities, resembling its presence in pine nut oil. The presence of bioactive compounds such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and phytosterols further adds to its nutritional value. Some essential elements were reported, whereas most of the contaminants such as heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, rare earth elements, and pesticides were below the limit of quantification. Furthermore, the in silico analysis showed the occurrence of potential precursor peptides of bioactive compounds, indicating health-promoting attributes. Lastly, the morphological structural characterization of the pine nut skin was followed by Fourier Transform Infrared and solid-state NMR spectroscopy to identify the major components, such as lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The thermostability of the pine nut skin was monitored via thermogravimetric analysis, and the surface of the integument was analyzed via scanning electron microscopy and volumetric nitrogen adsorption. This information provides a more comprehensive view of the potential uses of pine nut skin as a filler material for biocomposite materials. A full characterization of the by-products of the food chain is essential for their more appropriate reuse.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/7/1044pine nutsintegumentrecyclingagri-food wastecircular economy |
| spellingShingle | Agata Nolasco Jonathan Squillante Salvatore Velotto Giovanni D’Auria Pasquale Ferranti Gianfranco Mamone Maria Emanuela Errico Roberto Avolio Rachele Castaldo Lucia De Luca Raffaele Romano Francesco Esposito Teresa Cirillo Exploring the Untapped Potential of Pine Nut Skin By-Products: A Holistic Characterization and Recycling Approach Foods pine nuts integument recycling agri-food waste circular economy |
| title | Exploring the Untapped Potential of Pine Nut Skin By-Products: A Holistic Characterization and Recycling Approach |
| title_full | Exploring the Untapped Potential of Pine Nut Skin By-Products: A Holistic Characterization and Recycling Approach |
| title_fullStr | Exploring the Untapped Potential of Pine Nut Skin By-Products: A Holistic Characterization and Recycling Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exploring the Untapped Potential of Pine Nut Skin By-Products: A Holistic Characterization and Recycling Approach |
| title_short | Exploring the Untapped Potential of Pine Nut Skin By-Products: A Holistic Characterization and Recycling Approach |
| title_sort | exploring the untapped potential of pine nut skin by products a holistic characterization and recycling approach |
| topic | pine nuts integument recycling agri-food waste circular economy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/7/1044 |
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