A Robust Flow-Based System for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Cr(VI) in Recreational Waters
A flow-based method for the spectrophotometric determination of chromium (VI) in recreational waters with different salinities was developed. Chromium can occur in the environment in different oxidation states with different related physiological properties. With regard to chromium, the speciation i...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/7/2073 |
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| author | Tânia C. F. Ribas Raquel B. R. Mesquita Ana Machado Joana L. A. Miranda Graham Marshall Adriano Bordalo António O. S. S. Rangel |
| author_facet | Tânia C. F. Ribas Raquel B. R. Mesquita Ana Machado Joana L. A. Miranda Graham Marshall Adriano Bordalo António O. S. S. Rangel |
| author_sort | Tânia C. F. Ribas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A flow-based method for the spectrophotometric determination of chromium (VI) in recreational waters with different salinities was developed. Chromium can occur in the environment in different oxidation states with different related physiological properties. With regard to chromium, the speciation is particularly important, as the hexavalent chromium is considered to be carcinogenic. To achieve that purpose, the use of the diphenylcarbazide (DPC) selective colored reaction with the hexavalent chromium was the chosen strategy. The main objective was to develop a direct and simple spectrophotometric method that could cope with the analysis of different types of environmental waters, within different salinity ranges (fresh to marine waters). The potential interference of metal ions, that can usually be present in environmental waters, was assessed and no significant interferences were observed (<10%). For a complete Cr(VI) determination (three replicas) cycle, the corresponding reagents consumption was 75 µg of DPC, 9 mg of ethanol and 54 mg of sulfuric acid. Each cycle takes about 5 min, including the system clean-up. The limit of detection was 6.9 and 12.2 µg L<sup>−1</sup> for waters with low and high salt content, respectively. The method was applied for the quantification of chromium (VI) in both fresh and marine water, and the results were in agreement with the reference procedure. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:38:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5a2ebcc95e11452baf39e75a82205efa |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:38:03Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-5a2ebcc95e11452baf39e75a82205efa2023-11-30T23:39:13ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-03-01277207310.3390/molecules27072073A Robust Flow-Based System for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Cr(VI) in Recreational WatersTânia C. F. Ribas0Raquel B. R. Mesquita1Ana Machado2Joana L. A. Miranda3Graham Marshall4Adriano Bordalo5António O. S. S. Rangel6CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, PortugalCBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, PortugalICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, PortugalCBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, PortugalGlobal FIA, Fox Island, WA 98333, USAICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, PortugalCBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, PortugalA flow-based method for the spectrophotometric determination of chromium (VI) in recreational waters with different salinities was developed. Chromium can occur in the environment in different oxidation states with different related physiological properties. With regard to chromium, the speciation is particularly important, as the hexavalent chromium is considered to be carcinogenic. To achieve that purpose, the use of the diphenylcarbazide (DPC) selective colored reaction with the hexavalent chromium was the chosen strategy. The main objective was to develop a direct and simple spectrophotometric method that could cope with the analysis of different types of environmental waters, within different salinity ranges (fresh to marine waters). The potential interference of metal ions, that can usually be present in environmental waters, was assessed and no significant interferences were observed (<10%). For a complete Cr(VI) determination (three replicas) cycle, the corresponding reagents consumption was 75 µg of DPC, 9 mg of ethanol and 54 mg of sulfuric acid. Each cycle takes about 5 min, including the system clean-up. The limit of detection was 6.9 and 12.2 µg L<sup>−1</sup> for waters with low and high salt content, respectively. The method was applied for the quantification of chromium (VI) in both fresh and marine water, and the results were in agreement with the reference procedure.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/7/2073sequential injection analysisGlobalFIACr(VI)DPCdynamic water systems |
| spellingShingle | Tânia C. F. Ribas Raquel B. R. Mesquita Ana Machado Joana L. A. Miranda Graham Marshall Adriano Bordalo António O. S. S. Rangel A Robust Flow-Based System for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Cr(VI) in Recreational Waters Molecules sequential injection analysis GlobalFIA Cr(VI) DPC dynamic water systems |
| title | A Robust Flow-Based System for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Cr(VI) in Recreational Waters |
| title_full | A Robust Flow-Based System for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Cr(VI) in Recreational Waters |
| title_fullStr | A Robust Flow-Based System for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Cr(VI) in Recreational Waters |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Robust Flow-Based System for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Cr(VI) in Recreational Waters |
| title_short | A Robust Flow-Based System for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Cr(VI) in Recreational Waters |
| title_sort | robust flow based system for the spectrophotometric determination of cr vi in recreational waters |
| topic | sequential injection analysis GlobalFIA Cr(VI) DPC dynamic water systems |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/7/2073 |
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