Lolium multiflorum germination and growth affected by virgin, naturally, and artificially aged high-density polyethylene microplastic and leachates
With the detection of microplastics in soil, coupled with the various sources continuously contributing to its delivery to and distribution in soils, understanding the effects of microplastics on plants are necessary. Plastics discarded in the environment continually degrade into micro- and nano-siz...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Environmental Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.964230/full |
| _version_ | 1828306800398565376 |
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| author | Maranda Esterhuizen Maranda Esterhuizen Maranda Esterhuizen Maranda Esterhuizen Sofia Vikfors Olli-Pekka Penttinen Olli-Pekka Penttinen Young Jun Kim Stephan Pflugmacher |
| author_facet | Maranda Esterhuizen Maranda Esterhuizen Maranda Esterhuizen Maranda Esterhuizen Sofia Vikfors Olli-Pekka Penttinen Olli-Pekka Penttinen Young Jun Kim Stephan Pflugmacher |
| author_sort | Maranda Esterhuizen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | With the detection of microplastics in soil, coupled with the various sources continuously contributing to its delivery to and distribution in soils, understanding the effects of microplastics on plants are necessary. Plastics discarded in the environment continually degrade into micro- and nano-sizes, subsequently leaching hazardous chemicals with time. Not only time but also environmental factors related to the climate of the area where the plastic is degrading will contribute to the breakdown process. Thus, this study aimed to understand the phytotoxic effects of microplastic derived from a frequently discarded plastic item, i.e., high-density polyethylene soda bottle caps. The commonly occurring perennial Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) was exposed to microplastic derived from new and artificially aged bottle caps as well as bottle caps collected from the cities of Lahti, Finland and Gqeberha, South Africa. Additionally, leachates were prepared from these samples and used for exposure. Germination, root and shoot growth, and fresh weight were measured as indicators of adverse effects, and various growth parameters were calculated. Microplastic and leachates from new and Lahti collected bottle caps adversely affected the germination and growth of the plant, indicating that aging and environmental factors affect the phytotoxicity of plastics as environmental pollutants in soil. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T14:48:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5a76700171f74cb9a0062678d0e952ba |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-665X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T14:48:39Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Environmental Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-5a76700171f74cb9a0062678d0e952ba2022-12-22T02:42:40ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Environmental Science2296-665X2022-10-011010.3389/fenvs.2022.964230964230Lolium multiflorum germination and growth affected by virgin, naturally, and artificially aged high-density polyethylene microplastic and leachatesMaranda Esterhuizen0Maranda Esterhuizen1Maranda Esterhuizen2Maranda Esterhuizen3Sofia Vikfors4Olli-Pekka Penttinen5Olli-Pekka Penttinen6Young Jun Kim7Stephan Pflugmacher8Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, FinlandHelsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Helsinki, FinlandJoint Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST EU), Saarbrucken, GermanyClayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth and Resources, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, CanadaNatural Resources Institute Finland/Luonnonvarakeskus (LUKE), Latokartanonkaari, Helsinki, FinlandEcosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, FinlandHelsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Helsinki, FinlandJoint Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST EU), Saarbrucken, GermanyClayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth and Resources, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, CanadaWith the detection of microplastics in soil, coupled with the various sources continuously contributing to its delivery to and distribution in soils, understanding the effects of microplastics on plants are necessary. Plastics discarded in the environment continually degrade into micro- and nano-sizes, subsequently leaching hazardous chemicals with time. Not only time but also environmental factors related to the climate of the area where the plastic is degrading will contribute to the breakdown process. Thus, this study aimed to understand the phytotoxic effects of microplastic derived from a frequently discarded plastic item, i.e., high-density polyethylene soda bottle caps. The commonly occurring perennial Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) was exposed to microplastic derived from new and artificially aged bottle caps as well as bottle caps collected from the cities of Lahti, Finland and Gqeberha, South Africa. Additionally, leachates were prepared from these samples and used for exposure. Germination, root and shoot growth, and fresh weight were measured as indicators of adverse effects, and various growth parameters were calculated. Microplastic and leachates from new and Lahti collected bottle caps adversely affected the germination and growth of the plant, indicating that aging and environmental factors affect the phytotoxicity of plastics as environmental pollutants in soil.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.964230/fullItalian ryegrassmicroplasticleachateecotoxicologysproutinggrowth |
| spellingShingle | Maranda Esterhuizen Maranda Esterhuizen Maranda Esterhuizen Maranda Esterhuizen Sofia Vikfors Olli-Pekka Penttinen Olli-Pekka Penttinen Young Jun Kim Stephan Pflugmacher Lolium multiflorum germination and growth affected by virgin, naturally, and artificially aged high-density polyethylene microplastic and leachates Frontiers in Environmental Science Italian ryegrass microplastic leachate ecotoxicology sprouting growth |
| title | Lolium multiflorum germination and growth affected by virgin, naturally, and artificially aged high-density polyethylene microplastic and leachates |
| title_full | Lolium multiflorum germination and growth affected by virgin, naturally, and artificially aged high-density polyethylene microplastic and leachates |
| title_fullStr | Lolium multiflorum germination and growth affected by virgin, naturally, and artificially aged high-density polyethylene microplastic and leachates |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lolium multiflorum germination and growth affected by virgin, naturally, and artificially aged high-density polyethylene microplastic and leachates |
| title_short | Lolium multiflorum germination and growth affected by virgin, naturally, and artificially aged high-density polyethylene microplastic and leachates |
| title_sort | lolium multiflorum germination and growth affected by virgin naturally and artificially aged high density polyethylene microplastic and leachates |
| topic | Italian ryegrass microplastic leachate ecotoxicology sprouting growth |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.964230/full |
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