Blood Particulate Analogue Fluids: A Review
Microfluidics has proven to be an extraordinary working platform to mimic and study blood flow phenomena and the dynamics of components of the human microcirculatory system. However, the use of real blood increases the complexity to perform these kinds of in vitro blood experiments due to diverse pr...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Materials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/9/2451 |
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| author | Samir Hassan Sadek Manuel Rubio Rui Lima Emilio José Vega |
| author_facet | Samir Hassan Sadek Manuel Rubio Rui Lima Emilio José Vega |
| author_sort | Samir Hassan Sadek |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Microfluidics has proven to be an extraordinary working platform to mimic and study blood flow phenomena and the dynamics of components of the human microcirculatory system. However, the use of real blood increases the complexity to perform these kinds of in vitro blood experiments due to diverse problems such as coagulation, sample storage, and handling problems. For this reason, interest in the development of fluids with rheological properties similar to those of real blood has grown over the last years. The inclusion of microparticles in blood analogue fluids is essential to reproduce multiphase effects taking place in a microcirculatory system, such as the cell-free layer (CFL) and Fähraeus–Lindqvist effect. In this review, we summarize the progress made in the last twenty years. Size, shape, mechanical properties, and even biological functionalities of microparticles produced/used to mimic red blood cells (RBCs) are critically exposed and analyzed. The methods developed to fabricate these RBC templates are also shown. The dynamic flow/rheology of blood particulate analogue fluids proposed in the literature (with different particle concentrations, in most of the cases, relatively low) is shown and discussed in-depth. Although there have been many advances, the development of a reliable blood particulate analogue fluid, with around 45% by volume of microparticles, continues to be a big challenge. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:35:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5a800baf51004374b449a225768b4976 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:35:35Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-5a800baf51004374b449a225768b49762023-11-21T18:53:35ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442021-05-01149245110.3390/ma14092451Blood Particulate Analogue Fluids: A ReviewSamir Hassan Sadek0Manuel Rubio1Rui Lima2Emilio José Vega3Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Energética y de los Materiales and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEx), Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, SpainDepartamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Energética y de los Materiales and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEx), Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, SpainMEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering Department, Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, PortugalDepartamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Energética y de los Materiales and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEx), Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, SpainMicrofluidics has proven to be an extraordinary working platform to mimic and study blood flow phenomena and the dynamics of components of the human microcirculatory system. However, the use of real blood increases the complexity to perform these kinds of in vitro blood experiments due to diverse problems such as coagulation, sample storage, and handling problems. For this reason, interest in the development of fluids with rheological properties similar to those of real blood has grown over the last years. The inclusion of microparticles in blood analogue fluids is essential to reproduce multiphase effects taking place in a microcirculatory system, such as the cell-free layer (CFL) and Fähraeus–Lindqvist effect. In this review, we summarize the progress made in the last twenty years. Size, shape, mechanical properties, and even biological functionalities of microparticles produced/used to mimic red blood cells (RBCs) are critically exposed and analyzed. The methods developed to fabricate these RBC templates are also shown. The dynamic flow/rheology of blood particulate analogue fluids proposed in the literature (with different particle concentrations, in most of the cases, relatively low) is shown and discussed in-depth. Although there have been many advances, the development of a reliable blood particulate analogue fluid, with around 45% by volume of microparticles, continues to be a big challenge.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/9/2451blood analoguemicroparticleRBC templatesbiomicrofluidics |
| spellingShingle | Samir Hassan Sadek Manuel Rubio Rui Lima Emilio José Vega Blood Particulate Analogue Fluids: A Review Materials blood analogue microparticle RBC templates biomicrofluidics |
| title | Blood Particulate Analogue Fluids: A Review |
| title_full | Blood Particulate Analogue Fluids: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Blood Particulate Analogue Fluids: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Blood Particulate Analogue Fluids: A Review |
| title_short | Blood Particulate Analogue Fluids: A Review |
| title_sort | blood particulate analogue fluids a review |
| topic | blood analogue microparticle RBC templates biomicrofluidics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/9/2451 |
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